En ulykkelig Stjærne hviler over St. Croix. Øen har i en Række af Aar staaet under et økonomisk Tryk paa Grund af Høstens utilfredsstillende Udfald; i Aar tegnede Alt fortræffeligt, og saa gribes Negrene af en ustyrlig Ødelæggelseslyst, der ikke blot kuldkaster de gode Forhaabninger, men styrter Befolkningen i Nød og Elendighed. Det er grueligt at læse de Beretninger, som i disse Dage ere indløbne til os fra Vestindien. Vilde Negerhobe føre i djævelsk Raseri hen over Øen og afbrændte den ene Plantage efter den anden. En Trediedel af Frederiksted er forvandlet til en Brandtomt, og Halvdelen af dets Formue er gaaet tilgrunde. De ulykkelige Beboere af Byen og af Plantagerne maatte for at frelse Livet flygte bort uden at medtaget Andet, end hvad de gik og stod i. Kvinder og Børn skjulte sig i Sukkermarkerne, medens de ventede paa, at Negrene skulde drage videre for at fortsætte deres Hærværk, og bleve paany grebne af Dødsangst ved at se, at der ogsaa gjordes Forsøg paa at sætte Ild i Sukkerrørene. I Frederiksted, hvor Excesserne begyndte, bestod den hele Besætning, som Politimesteren havde at raade over, af tre Soldater og syv Politibetjente, der maatte indeslutte sig i Fortet for at redde deres eget Liv. Hvilken Lykke var det dog ikke i al den Ulykke, at Brandstiftelserne ikke ledsagedes af et almindeligt Blodbad! Negrene, som vare fuldstændig berusede, lod sig næppe af humane Hensyn lede til at skaane de Hvides Liv; men de vare saa opflammende af Begjærlighed efter at ødelægge og afbrænde Eiendomme, at de ikke havde Sans for Andet, og indbyggerne fik Tid til at flygte.
(Illustreret Tidende, november 1878 (uddrag)
Nedenstående artikel fra The New York Herald bragte også en "boks" med oplysninger om St. Croix.
Oprøret på St. Croix nåede også til udlandet, og bragte mange artikler. Fx. bragte The New York Herald, 28. november 1878, næsten en hel side. Artiklen begrundede oprøret i de slavelignende arbejdsforhold for befolkningen, og konkluderede at det nok ikke ville blive ændret. Her i uddrag - overskrifterne først i artiklen er medtaget, fordi de antydede indholdet. Afskriften af Labor act er udeladt, men i den oprindelige artikel er denne brugt til som bevis på de umenneskelige arbejdsforhold befolkningen levede under:
ST. CROIX.
Causes Which. Led to the Recent Outbreak.
EVILS OF THE EXISTING LABOR SYSTEM
Thirty Years of a Freedom Little Better than Slavery,
WHAT HAS FOLLOWED EMANCIPATION.
Business Interests of the Island. Paralyzed.
ADDITIONAL TROUBLE FEARED.
St. Thomas, Nov. 31, 1878.
The beautiful island of St. Croix. so recently .rendered desolate by the torch of the incendiary black laborers, is quiet on the surface, but the causes which led to the trouble have not been removed, and there is plenty of evidence that a very bad feeling still exists, which, if not allayed, may lead to a repetition of the horrors already experienced.* Since its occurrence there have been many speculations as to the cause of the outbreak, and any number of theories have been advanced by those who have taken only the most superficial view of it. These theories have been but little better than ridiculous, and show how wilfully Mind men are to the wrongs of any system by which they prosper. The outbreak was in fact nothing more than a servile Insurrection by men who have been practically Slaves under the so-called "provisional" labor law which has been in existence for thirty years, and from which all the disadvantages of slavery have accrued to the laborer and none of the advantages. While it lias been and is still admitted that labor laws or vagabond acts of a stringent character have been found necessary in all those islands where slavery formerly existed, yet experience has clearly shown that good results have followed them only as kind treatment and a fair remuneration have been accorded the laborer.
DIFFERENT LABOR SYSTEMS.
In Jamaica the sentimentalisin which had its origin at the time of Wilberforce prevented the enactment of any laws for the regulation of the manumitted blacks, and so they were left to their own inclinations, which were to bask in the sun and eat the spontaneous products of nature, and as the result that once beautiful and thrifty island became little better than a desert. In Martinique the Vagabond law enacted by the French following emancipation in 1848 kept the negro at work, while having respect to his freedom as a man and the pleasures of his semi-barbarous nature, and giving a fair remuneration. The result, as is known, has been one of entire satisfaction to the employer and the employed, and Martinique is one of the most prosperous Islands under the sun. I refer to these cases as they constitute the two extremes in the treatment of the labor question following tbe abolition of slavery.
Herefter følger over flere spalter en komplet afskrift af St. Croix' Labor Act. Artiklen konkluderer følgende:
PRESENT CONDITION OF THE ISLAND
The evil effects of the outbreak have not ended with the destruction of the estates. The manufacturing and agricultural interests of the island are paralyzed by the want of confidence resulting from a knowledge of the fact that the cause of the trouble still remains and may, and not unlikely will, lead to further troubles. Men sit despairing amid the ruins of their estates, seeing no way to recover from their losses. The negroes - and they are comparatively few - who are willing to work for the wages prescribed by law are naturally regarded with suspicion, fears being entertained that they only seek an opportunity for revenge or additional destruction. The course which has been pursued in suppressing the insurrection and punishing the insurgents has not been characterized by wisdom. It has had the effect of practically establishing a color line, placing every negro in antagonism to the whites. It has resolved itself into a war of races, in which the governing class are only protected by their arms, of which the negroes are entirely destitute. The latter are peaceful for the time because they are powerless, but there are not wanting evidences of the feeling which controls them. Only last week a negro who had been instrumental in saving property belonging to Mr. Fintaino. the planter who was killed at the post, was murdered in his house, and this is but a sample of what is occurring. What the end is to be no one can tell. In the present condition of affairs it is evident no attempt will be made to conciliate the laborers and, without this, only the strong urni of military power and the practical reestablishment of slavery can induce them to return to their work. Meantime, business is prostrated and no attempt is being made to restore the destroyed estates.
(New York Herald, 28. november 1878)
(Af læsbarhedshensyn har jeg indsat afsnit på steder hvor de ikke forekommer i den originale artikel).
REPORT
to the Governor of the Danish West India Islands, concerning the events which took place in Frederiksted the 1st October 1878 and the night following, rendered by acting Policemaster in the Jurisdiction of Frederiksted. R. Petersen.
Udsnit af New York Heralds kort over Sankt Croix som gengiver navnene på plantagerne. Frederiksted er angivet på vestkysten (til venstre), Christiansted på nordkysten, længst til højre.
On Tuesday, the 1st October 1878, after breakfast time, say a little before noon, when I returned from my house in Dronningensgade to the police office in Frederiksfort, I met only a few estate-labourers in the street. From 8 o'clock a.m. to half past 3 o'clock p. m. that day there was a good deal of passport business in the office, all of which, however, was settled without difficulty; and when at the last-mentioned time the business in the office appeared to be over, I asked the Police Assistant, Overkrigskommissær Gyllich, to join me in a drive through the streets of the town, in order to see how matters stood, seeing that the day had passed quietly in comparison with the 1st October of other years, and hardly anybody had been taken into custody for disorderly conduct in the streets.
Accordingly we drove out, and reached as far as the Apothecary's Shop on the corner of Dronningens and Kongens Tværgade before we met any larger number of estate-labourers; the Judge, Councillor Sarauw, was standing in the street, and requested me to send out some policemen, as people were being killed at the corner of Prindsensgade and Kongens Tvergade. I drove up to the place thus indicated, where however, I found only one man, Henry Trotman, of Est. Mt. Pleasant and Plessens, lying in the gutter in a state of drunkenness; he had cut his foot on a stone or a piece of glass, in such a manner that it was bleeding. This man was brought to the hospital. I then drove back to the Fort, in order to call out the whole police force, and intendirg to cause the two mounted orderlies to ride slowly through the streets, which, I hoped would have some effect on the populace.
On my way to the Fort, and close to the Apothecary's Shop, I met two policemen, who had arrested Joseph La Grange (who afterwards proved to be one of the chief ringleaders,) and were endeavouring to bring him to the Police-office. I drove immediately behind them, got out of the carriage, and spoke to the Iabourers, but they were noisy and threatening, and effected by main force the rescue of Joseph La Grange, who ran away.
- I then drove to the Fort, called out the rest of the policemen and two mounted orderlies, and followed them with the Police Assistant to the carriage. At the corner of the Apothecary Shop one of the rioters threw himself upon one of the orderlies, and threatened him with his stick, upon which both of the orderlies drew the sable and cut about them, but without striking anybody. As, however, the mob was increasing, and shouted and yelled, and as I judging from the number and manner of the mob, could foresee that by using violence I ran the risk that my force, the greater part of which was unarmed, would be struck down, and that thus the Fort might fall into the hands of the populace - I caused the orderlies to follow slowly behind my carriage back through Dronningens Gade, the Policemen following a little further back, forming a line across the street. The mob followed us, and I was in hopes that the boldest among them would follow us into the yard of the Fort; in which case it was my intention to have the gates promptly closed, and thus endeavour to restore quietness when the leaders were caught. The mob threw stones at us in the street, but I restrained my men from attacking them; and we got into the Fort, while the mob stopped in Kongensgade
Gade i Frederiksted. Licenseret under en Creative Commons Navngivelse-IkkeKommerciel-IngenBearbejdelse 3.0 Unported Licens. Det Kongelige Bibliotek.
I then left the three orderlies and the policemen in the Fort, and went, accompanied by the Police-Assistant up in Kongensgade, in order to speak to the rioters and to learn what they wanted. While we were on our way thither the Public Physician, Dr. Hansen and Comptroller Birch joined us; the British Vice-Consul, Revd. DuBois, was already on the spot, in the midst of the mob, seeking to pacify them. We went singly about amongst the rioters, proceeding up-street, preventing them from fighting amongst themselves, and trying to speak with them, which was not easy, on account of their being very noisy; they were willing enough to talk, but nobody wanted to listen. Our intention was, to lead them on to the Southern outskirts of the town, and there to persuade them to go home. At length we succeeded partly - that is: we got them on to the outskirts of the town, and several of them promised to go home quietly and get the others to go with them; amongst those who gave me their promise to that effect was Joseph La Grange whom I met again here. Thus going along with them, we learned also from them, that they were dissatisfied with the pay fixed by the Labour Act, and wanted 20 to 25 cents per day in money.
Suddenly all our endeavours were frustrated: a woman, Felicia James, from Mount Pleasant and Plessens, came running and told the mob, that Henry Trotman of the same Estate, whom the police had caused to be lodged in the hospital, had died there in consequence of the blows inflicted upon him by the police. Now there ensued such a noise and throwing of stones that I went away in order to write to the Presidency for assistance; but on the way I met Dr. Hansen near the Apothecary's Shop, and with him I went first to the hospital, in order to see if anything was the matter with Henry Trotman. We found him lying on a mattress in one of the rooms in a state of utter drunkenness, having suffered no further bodily injury, except that one of his feet was bleeding, and in the same state as when I found him lying in the gutter. When we were in the gallery fronting Strandgade, intending to leave by the chief staircase, the mob which I had left at the outskirt, ol the town came rushing, headed by Felicia James, shouting that they were going to see if Henry Trotman was dead, and tried to force the gate fronting Strandgade. The gate, however, withstood their attack, and from the window of the gallery I called out to them, that I had seen Henry Trotman just now, and that nothing was the matter with him, except that he was quite drunk.
At this juncture, Dr. Hansen and I ran down into the street to the mob, and Felicia came at once running up to me; I explained again that nothing was the matter with Henry Trotman, and told them to go away quietly without disturbing the sick; Dr. Hansen also did everything in his power to get them away. It was all to no purpose; from Kongens Tværgade they rushed up the main staircase, and both of us ran up also to keep the door; but they pushed it open at once, and we went away, Dr. Hansen homeward, and I, taking the way of Kongensgade, to the Fort. When I arrived there, the Police Assistant had already distributed our Minié-rifles, 9 in number (one of which, however, broke at once) to the policemen, who stood by the outer gate, while the three orderlies were holding on horseback in the yard. I was just going to write to the President, in Christiansted for assistance, when I saw the mob coming shouting up Strandgade from the hospital, in increased number, and take up their stand in front of the Fort, between the Customhouse and the wharf. A couple of minutes after, a rain of stones was sent down upon us in the fort yard, and when this was repeated, I gave order to fire.
As far as I am aware, no one was hit; but the whole mob stormed under savage cries against the fort, pulled down the outer gate, which consisted of palings only, and threw it into the sea. We hurried into the inner fort yard, barred the gate under the Judge's office, and got the orderlies, who promptly stabled their horses, in by a back-door fronting the stable-yard. Now began a murderous fire of brickbats, stones, couch shells and cannon-balls - which latter from old time were piled in the outer yard, - in such a manner that the entire inner fort yard and the bastions were covered by the missiles, and we had great trouble in delivering one fire without getting crushed; in several places whence we might have fired, the prison-cells were occupied by prisoners. The mob surrounded the Fort; they were in front of the Judge's office and in the stable-yard, and threw their missiles at us with great violence, so that I failed to understand that, only one man, nightguard Fossett, was hit by them (in the side). The three soldiers and the policemen present (some had been out off from us in town), and two men from town, who had followed with the Police-Assistant into the Fort, Mr. Tolderlund and Mr. Adolphus Joseph, exhibited great courage and coolness, and fired on the mob so effectively, that after the expiration of half-an-hour, about 5.30 p.m., especially because they had not succeeded in forcing the inner gate of the fort (which, however, nearly gave way) - they drew away from the Fort and went down to town.
Udsigt over Christiansted. Uden Årstal. Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Creative Commons Navngivelse-IkkeKommerciel-IngenBearbejdelse 3.0 Unported Licens.
Considering what had happened, I dared not assume the responsibility of leaving the Fort and attacking the mob in the streets, seeing that the number of the rioters was very considerable, and increased in the course of the evening and the night (if was reliably estimated at 600 800), and I had only 8 mozzle-loaders and 3 breechloaders; but I wrote at once to the President for an assistance of 20-25 soldiers, and despatched my coachman, John Mcintosh, on one of my horses with the letter at 5.45 p.m., through the stable gate by the Northside road, seeing that he could not pass through town on horseback; I dared not send an orderly, who in all probability would have been murdered by the rioters. I learned afterwards that a good many people were in motion on the Northside road; they pursued my coachman to such a manner that he had to seek refuge with Mr. Ramsay, manager of Estate "Punch " This latter sent, by another messenger, the letter to Mr. Foster, manager of Estate "Mon Bijou"; this messenger also was stopped on the road by great numbers of estate-labourers, but succeeded in reaching "Mon Bijou," and Mr. Foster despatched a third messenger, who reached Christiansted at one o'clock a.m. Wednesday morning, and delivered the letter to the Vice-Governor.
We knew nothing about all this in the Fort; we hoped that the military might be on the spot about 10 or 11 o'clock in the evening, and that thus we would be enabled to save the greater part of the town, which as early as 7-8 o'clock p.m. began burning in some places, seeing that the mob broke open some shops, threw the goods into the street, poured kerosene over them and put fire to them; from the burning goods the fire in most cases caught the roofs of the houses, which thereupon burned down. In this manner the fire spread more and more; at length they put fire to the Customhouse.
We were expecting every moment a new attack on the Fort, as we heard the rioters constantly saying that it was all of no use, so long as the Fort was not burned down; but there was no unanimity on this point, and one half of them thought it, was more safe to destroy the stores and houses, seeing that not a few of them had got wounded in the first attack on the Fort - Several times they advanced, gesticulating fearfully and striking together the cane-bills which they had robbed from the stores; but as we fired whenever any one came sufficiently near, they generally preferred keeping their distance, and retired again. It should be observed, that we were obliged to save our ammunition as much as possible, to provide for the eventuality that my messenger had been intercepted by mobs in the country, or that no assistance could be sent us from Christiansted; the streetmob declaring eagerly that that town was burning also.
Arbejdere på St. Croix. Uden Årstal. Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Creative Commons Navngivelse-IkkeKommerciel-IngenBearbejdelse 3.0 Unported Licens.
- At 2.30 a-m. the 2nd inst. I got a black man, Charles Thomas, who had come to us in the Fort in the course of the night, to ride up to the Vice Governor with another letter, and he, after encountering much difficulty, reached Christiansted at 6 o'clock a.m., but when he arrived, the military had left 3 hours before
- Between 3 and 4 o'clock a.m. the second attack was made on the Fort - this time from the stable-gate and from the sea-side by the bathing house; but as we gave fire whenever a head peeped out, the rioters broke into the garden behind the table-yard, through a small wicket fronting the public road, and from the garden put fire to the roof of a small house, Which is used for storage of petroleum from town, and at the time contained 840 gallons petroleum and about 2,000 squibs; at the same time they sent volleys of stones at us in order to prevent us from extinguishing the fire and shooting. We now got a small fire-engine up from the yard, by means of which we threw water on the shingled roof of the small house (commonly called "the birdcage") in which I have two private office rooms; we also, by directing the hose through the windows shove and below, poured water over all the wood work in the stable yard, - at the risk, of course, of being crushed by the stones thrown by the rioters, who understand throwing stones with correctness of aim and at a great distance. In view of the danger that the fire should spread, we had also to loose the horses in the stable-yard.
The rioters endeavoured, by throwing stones, to prevent us from extinguishing the fire, but some well-aimed shots kept them at a distance; a few who came too near were shot down; and we succeeded in limiting the fire to the kerosene house, of which the roof and the contents burned, so that only the shattered walls are left. From the kerosene-house the fire caught the wooden shed between the kerosone-house end the stable-yard; but police-writer Henderson, under-corporal Petersen, and one of the drivers with some active prisoners, went down in the stable-yard and extinguished the fire. This attack lasted till 5 o'clock a. m. In an examination which I held a few days after, it was explained, that the purpose of this last attack was to get into the stable-yard, and when this failed, to burn down the kerosene-house, so as to make a wide gap, through which the mob should then rush in under a lean to which, fronting the stable-yard, is attached to the Police office; from this point a door should be forced, and 2 or 3 bottles of burning kerosene thrown into the room thus opened (the former guard-room), in order to cause the burning of the men upstairs.
- A little before 6 o'clock a.m., when a part of the rioters had left town, and most of those remaining had gathered to the north of the Moravian establishment, and were most probably preparing a third attack on the Port, Lieutenant Ostermann arrived with 19 military by the Northside road, and was admitted through the stable-gate. I now had the flag hoisted, and, I immediately after the arrival of the military, went out in the town with the Lieutenant and 30 soldiers. The first thing was to fire on the rioters assembled at the Moravian establishment; after dispersing this mob we marched through the streets, which the Lieutenant cleared by firing some volleys; at the same time we effected some arrestations. We succeeded in being just in time to save the large house belonging to Comptroller Birch, situated on the corner of Kongensgade and Toldbodgade (formerly the residence of Policemaster Egg. ), which the mob had commenced firing; they had poured kerosene over the furniture, but luckily only a door fronting Toldbodgade had caught fire, which I caused to be extinguished at once.
After our return to the Fort, we had a brass gun - which was offered us by Major Moore, and was lying in his burned-down property in Strandgade - moved up on the bastion, mounted on an old gun-carriage, and loaded with a charge of grape shot, some of which had, luckily, been left behind when the military last year was removed from the Fort, but which up to that moment had been of little use to us, seeing that no gun had been left to the police. About 9 o'clock a. m. Lieutenant Ostermann and myself got a report of what had occurred sent off to the Vice-Governor, by the hands of Mr. Thomas Elliott from Christiansted.
(St. Croix Avis, 30. november 1878)
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