29 april 2022

Trinitatis Kirkegaard. (Efterskrift til Politivennen).

I pladsen bag Trinitatis Kirkegård bliver der i disse dage fra Købmagergade til Landemærket nedlagt en vandspildsledning. I jordsmonnet findes en stor mængde velbevarede ligkister hvis indhold bliver opsamlet og udkørt på Vestre Kirkegård. Flere af kisterne er kostbart forarbejdede.


(Aarhus Stiftstidende, 20. juli 1879.)


28 april 2022

Fæstningsarbejde - Trunken. (Efterskrift til Politivennen)

Fæstningsarbejde blev først ophævet efter enevælden. I Dagbladet (København), 22. september 1852, kunne man læse at i udkastet til loven af 29. december 1850 om anvendelsen af de forskellige arter af strafarbejde, stod at det er almindelig erkendt at fæstningsarbejde er en meget uhensigtsmæssig straf der så snart som muligt bør ophæves. Herefter skulle fremtidige dømte indsættes i Horsens Tugthus, men de allerede indsatte fortsatte som fæstningsslaver.

I Nationaltidende, 26. februar 1879, hvor Trunken havde fungeret som tjæremagasin, var det ikke slaveriet, men bygningens funktion som tjæremagasin som blev husket (i en lille del af en meget lang artikel om Gammelholm):

“Tæt bag ved dette Hus laa paa en meget gammel, sandsynligvis Holmens ældste Bygningen, kaldet "Trunken"; den var grundmuret, 70 Fod lang, 40 Fod bred og 10 Fod høi, og bestod af to Afdelinger, som begge vare hvælvede; den benyttedes til Tjæremagasin. Bag ved Trunken var Kalkgaarden med et lille Hus til Kalkslagning.”

Men erindringen om Trunken som slaveanstalt holdt sig, se fx Nationaltidende, 11. august 1892:

Tyverier og komplotter tales der om, og Rømninger fandt jævnlig Sted fra "Trunken". Bespisningen var ikke ens for alle Slaver; "Skalke" fik ikke saa megen Mad som de, der havde forbrudt deres Hals, men iøvrigt synes Spisereglementet fra 1706 at opvise endog et rundeligt Maal af Mad. Der gaves saa Meget, at et Par Nutidsmennesker rigeligt vilde kunne leve af det. Af Forfatterens Oplysninger fremgaard det, at det at blive slaaet i Jern egentlig ikke har været nogen slem Medfart. Den ovenfor omtalte "Trunk" var et Fangehus, hvor Fangerne havde Tilhold om Natten. Til Tider var det af Træ, hvorfor ogsaa Fangerne jævnlig brød ud af det. I Aaret 1741 overgik Slaverne til Landetatens Varetægt og overførtes til Stokhuset. "Trunken" stod indtil 1863, da Gammelholm gik over til Kommunen. Den sidste gang, da Bremerholm var Opholdssted for Fanger, var 1817, da Tugthuset paa Kristianshavn var brændt; da blev der anbragt 50 Fanger paa Gammelholm.

Citatet stammer fra en anmeldelse af Historisk Tidsskrift, sjette række. Tredie Binds tredie Hefte. Artikel af hospitalsforvalter Fr. Stuckenberg: "I Bremerholms Jern."

I Fredericia Dagblad, 1905 omtaltes en udgivelse en række brevsamlinger af Julius Clausen og Rift. Justitsen i København for 300 Aar siden. Heri citeres den islandske bøsseskytte Jon Olafssons oplevelser under Christian den Fjerde:

Derfor blev der indrettet et Fængsel paa Bremerholm, Trunken, og derind blev de satte, som havde gjort sig skyldige i de største og mindste Forbrydelser. Det var saaledes indrettet, at Forbryderen havde een Jernring om Livet saa vid, at han kunde skifte Klæder, og een om det højre Knæ, forbundne med en sværJernlænke uden paa Laaret. Der blev beskikket 4 Mand som skulde passe paa Forbryderne og daglig drive dem frem med Svøber til Slid og Trældom, give dem Mad, have Tilsyn med dem og hver Morgen og Aften paa bestemt Tid lukke Fængslet op og i. Alle Slags Folk, det være af hvilken som helst Stand, som forså sig, blev der indsat og var der saa længe, som de blev dømt til, eftersom Forbrydelsen var stor eller lille. Nogle skulde være der en Maaned, andre 3-4 maaneder, og atter andre 1 Aar, 3 Aar til 20 Aar og de største Forbrydere paa Livstid.

Men så fortoner slaveriet sig i grå tåger, fx som i Aftenbladet København 29. april 1918:

Der har Du Blaaboden, hvor vi faar Tærsk, og "Laaget", hvor Folkene kommer i Arresten, naar de gør noget uskikkeligt - i gamle Dage sad de her i Trunken.

Herefter bliver det svært at finde ordet Trunken og slaveriet i det almene sprog.

Ulrik Peter Overby (1819-1879) - De Fattiges Digter. (Efterskrift til Politivennen).

Vor meningsfælles digteren U. P. Overbyes

jordfæstelse fandt sted søndag formiddag kl. 11 fra kapellet på Assistens Kirkegård og overværedes af henved tusind mennesker, blandt hvilke der fandtes repræsentanter for alle demokratiske afskygninger. En halv snes fagforeninger havde givet møde med deres faner. Derimod glimrede desværre de socialistiske sangforeninger ved deres fraværelse som sangere. Men grunden må vel søges i den slette årstid og den korte tid der lå mellem meddelelsen om Overbyes død og hans begravelse. Men trods dette er vi overbeviste om at Overbyes socialistiske digte vil leve på arbejdernes læber i mange år.

(Social-Demokraten, 14. januar 1879).

Ulrik Peter Overbyes gravsted på Assistens Kirkegård. På stenen står: "De fattiges digter Ulrik Peter Overby. Født den 17. januar 1818, død den 7. januar 1879. Flugt gaar tiden over livet bølge. Dette minde sattes af sociale sangere." (Foto Erik Nicolaisen Høy).


U. P. Overbyes 100 års mindedag.

I dag afholdes der flere partisammenkomster i anledning af hundredårsdagen for digteren Ulrik Peter Overbyes fødsel.

Enhver socialdemokrat kender navnet U. P. Overbye. Det har utallige gange stået under sangen "Socialisternes Marsch", arbejderklassens gamle kampsang, det sociale gennembruds revolutionshymne, og det er navnlig denne sang, som har skabt digterens popularitet.

Overbye fødtes i København. Hans fader var snedkermester. Sin skoleuddannelse fik han i Hillerød Borgerskole, og det var hans ønske at blive skolelærer, men forældrenes små kår tillod ikke at skaffe sønnen den hertil fornødne uddannelse. Han blev da beskæftiget i handelsvirksomhed og fik ansættelse ved kontorforretninger i omegnen af Trondhjem, i Bergen og Kristiania. Her droges han til scenen og var en kort tid skuespiller.

Der var udvé i U. P. Overbyes sind, og i nogle år for han til søs på Amerika. Da han endelig slog sig ned i sit fødeland, opnåede han en beskeden plads som kopist i Krigsministeriet.

I denne periode, som strækker sig helt op til 1870, havde Overbye syslet stærkt med litterære emner, og under mærket Johannes Barner havde han udgivet digtsamlinger, eventyr, fortællinger og skrevet skuespil Han udgav bl. a. en børnebog, som var meget anvendt i sin tid, og hvori der fandtes en i mangfoldige hjem populær lille sang: "Søren Top stod tidlig op".

Af Overbyes skuespil blev vaudevillen "Karens Kæreste" opført på det kgl. Teater og gjorde straks lykke men blev efter få opførelser henlagt. Man mente, at fru Heiberg, digteren og teaterdirektøren Johan Ludvig Heibergs hustru var forfatteren. Som kunstart var "duftvaudevillen" kommet i miskredit, og et yngre kådt publikum peb så ad Overbyes skuespil. På den måde søgte man at protestere mod den Heibergske kurs, og resultatet blev i al fald, at Overbyes "Karens Kæreste" kom til at afslutte vaudevillernes æra. I 1860 fik han iøvrigt et syngestykke "Cyprianus" til opførelse for det kgl. Teater. Den udmærkede Komponist Henrik Bang skrev musikken til Overbyes lyrik. 

Det blev dog ikke dette forfatterskab, som gjorde Overbyes navn kendt. Hans fattige kår og stærke retfærdighedsfølelse drog til socialismen, da denne I 1870-71 rejste sin stander i Danmark. Men derved mistede han også sin plads som kopist. Da var det, han skrev "Socialisternes Marsch", som blev uhyre populær i arbejderkredse. Melodien, der komponeredes af musikeren Joseph Rasmussen, passede fortræffeligt til teksten. I sangens strofer udtryktes proletarernes vågnende kraft, deres harme over den uret, de har lidt, deres håb for kommende dage.

Adskillige af den berømte arbejdersangs vers passer ikke på vor tid. Men til gengæld maler den så meget desto bedre den tid, i hvilken den fødtes og forklarer arbejderklassens kamp for bedre kår.

Til Trælle i Sind og til Slaver af Guld
den voksende Slægt fostres frem,
og Jorden saa aldrig saa usselt et Kuld,
som det, der paa den nu har Hjem

Således var det i kapitalismens gyldne år, da arbejderne stod uden værn, prisgivne deres udbytteres luner, selv nedsunkne i ligegyldighed, frygt og fattigdom. Hvem regner med disse uorganiserede og magtløse proletarer, hvem digteren lader synge:

Vor Arne er kold og vort Hjem kun et Skjul
for Trængsler, for Tvedragt og Savn,
vor Idræt man lokker i Bur som en Fugl
og kaster Foragt paa vort Navn.

Lønarbejderen var kun skabt til slid i en lang arbejdsdag og for lav løn. Bøjede han sig ikke lydigt under svøben, mødte han autoriteternes vrede og præsternes fordømmelse:

Rigmændene fodres ved Arbejderslid,
og Præsterne fører os frem
til Pøle af Svovl paa den yderste Tid
vis ikke vi ofrer til dem.

Men der er en lysning i øst, håb for de forskræmte. Magt at vinde. Gennem broderskabet, organisationen, skal arbejderne vinde frem til bedre kår og moralsk kraft, som skaber nye vilkår for slægten. Digteren med det profetiske blik stirrede ind i fremtiden og så masserne troppe op under fælles fane. Han talte i et af sine andre digte om "den ny samfundsbygning":

Vi ser den i Aanden, den rejser sig frit
paa Piller af Malm og med Mur af Granit,
mod Lyset sig Bygningen højner.

Og de, som lyttede til digterens krav, følte mod til at tage fat, skønt bjerge af hindringer tårnede sig op på den unge bevægelses vej.

Med store historiske begivenheder som baggrund for sin arbejderdigtning kunne U. P. Overbye digte "Proletarens Vise", hvori linjerne:

naar Sulten og Kulden ham hærdet bar,
da vokser han op som en Proletar,
at han skulde være
Jert Samfund til Ære,
det kan I ej vente af ham!

Men det var alligevel ikke på barrikaden, at regnskabet skulle opgøres. Proletaren har et lyst humør, når han stiller som deltager i kampen for et nyt samfund:

nu afgøres Trætten,
han møder paa Pletten
i straalende Solskinshumør!

Og i langt mildere stemninger end den, der karakteriserer slagsangen "Socialisternes Marsch", lader Overbye i sangen "I Flugt går Tiden" sin tillid til folkets selvstyre komme til orde, thi denne frihed 

gav min Stand et panser
mod Uret og mit Brød en bedre Smag.

Af andre Digte, der vidner om Overbyes store kærlighed til samfundets små, nævner vi "Gamle Arbejdere" og "Fiskerdrengen fra Lynæs".

Overbye levede sine sidste år under trykkende forhold. Pensionen var yderst lille, og Arbejderpartiet kæmpede med store økonomiske vanskeligheder. Med rette kunne man kalde forfatteren af "Socialisternes Marsch" for "De Fattiges Digter".

Han døde den 7. januar 1879 og blev således knapt 61 år gammel. Fr. A. Hertz og Saxo W. Wiegell, der begge havde været knyttet til vort arti som ansvarshavende redaktører af "Social-Demokraten", ofrede ham mindeord i vers.

I Wiegells digt hed det:

Han slog ej Harpen for Geds og Guld,
han var en Sanger for Folket;
naar han er smuldret i mørke Muld,
vil Sangens Tone saa frisk og fuldt
dog melde, hvad han har tolket.

Og således er det. På denne dag, hvor partifæller samles i mindet om U. P. Overbye, vil de kendte ord til Joseph Rasmussens taktfaste melodi lyde med samme kraft som førhen. Meget kan tiderne forandret sig, siden sangen lød for første gang, men "Alt dages det, Brødre" er endnu kampsangen, der varsler en gammel Verdens Undergang:

Det knager i Samfundet Fuger og Baand,
lad falde, hvad ikke kan staa!
Men ræk mig, o Broder, din barkede Haand.
før i Løgn og af Sult vi forgaa;
en Bygning vi rejser til Skærm i vor Nød
til Arbejdet! Liv eller Død!

"Ræk mig, o Broder, din barkede Haand" er devisen, under hvilken arbejderklassen i alle lande lægger ud for folkefrihed, verdensfred og social retfærdighed

A. C

(Social-Demokraten, 17. januar 1918).

I Fyns Social-Demokrat 19. januar 1929 skrev underbibliotekar Chr. Behrend under overskriften "Socialistmarchens forfatter U. P. Overbye" en lang artikel, hvoraf nedenfor bringes nogle udvalgte afsnit som korrigerer og/eller supplerer artiklerne ovenfor:

Da Th. H. Erslew samlede stof til sit litteraturleksikon, bad han forfatterne om at sende ham meddelelse om dem selv, og han modtog da fra Overbye en egenhændig skrivelse (som endnu findes i det kgl. Bibliotek), hvis indhold i det væsentlige blev optaget i lexikonet. Han opgiver her selv at være født den 17. Januar 1818, men senere kirkebogsundersøgelser har vist (se Historiske Meddelelser om København 1917-18) at den rigtige dato var 17. Januar 1819. Hans fader var snedkermester i København Steffen Peter Overbye (staves også Overby), hans moder Maria Kirstine var datter af en gårdbruger Jørgen Knudsen på Frederiksberg. Han, der var den ældste eller næstældste af 9 søskende, skulle have været skolelærer, 

Hele sit liv interesserede han sig for læsning og bøger, og han selv begyndte allerede i Norge at skrive digte og fortællinger til blade og tidsskrifter (bl. a. til "Morgenbladet" i Oslo). I 1847 udkom hans første bog, "Blomstrende Tomekviste", og i 1848 udsendte han flere smådigte i anledning af krigen. Det er måske ved denne sin forfattervirksomhed, at han er kommet i forbindelse med den højtansete finansembedsmand Jonas Collin, der synes at have hjulpet ham privat og skaffet ham noget arbejde, sagtens med afskrivning, som det fremgår af følgende brev fra ham:

Deres Excellence

Dette Arbejde, som jeg herved har den Ære at aflevere, burde for lang Tid siden have været færdigt, og jeg maa derfor, som jeg saa ofte forhen har gjort, bede om Tilgivelse. Betalingen for nærværende Arbejde, saavel som for alle tidligere afleverede Arbejder, har jeg ... forlængst erholdt.

Min Gæld ser jeg mig desværre endnu ikke i Stand til at afgøre, og jeg vover at bede om Henstand endnu nogen Tid. Jeg boer, som Deres Excellence bekendt, fremdeles i Valby og har mit lille Bibliotek her; men det gaar kun tarveligt med Indkomsterne.

Ethvert Bud, det maatte behage at sende mig, vil komme til mig under Adresse: Jernbanestationen ved Valdby.

Valdby, den 1. Maj 1848.
Med inderlig Højagtelse og dyb Ærbødighed
U. P. Overby.

Når Overbye boede på jernbanestationen, må han enten have haft en underordnet stilling som assistent eller lignende eller været lejer. Stationsinspektør var nemlig dengang en kaptajn Hoffmann, og da denne indkaldtes til krigstjeneste, en banemester Weber.

Også med grevinde Danner havde Overbye en tid forbindelse, og det er vel indflydelse fra hendes eller Collins side, der skaffede ham en kgl. understøttelse til videre uddannelse på den litterære bane og siden (1848) en lille fast stilling. Selv skriver han: "Efter et bevæget ungdomsliv blev han ansat som kopist i krigsministeriet, og kun gode venners bistand og velvilje har styrket og opretholdt hans mod efter mange ulykkelige livstilskikkelser og tilintetgjorte forhåbninger."

Han havde den 2. april 1848 ægtet Ane Sophie Petersen, enke efter en dyrlæge Madsen i Middelfart, men stadig synes han at have måttet kæmpe med mismod og trange kår. Da han således havde tilegnet H. C. Andersen sit lille eventyr "Lærkefamilien" af Johannes Barner (under dette navn udgav han nogle af sine bøger), skriver han til ham:

Hr. Andersen! 

Min lille Bog sender jeg Dem i det Haab, at De vil modtage den med Venlighed. Den indholder et af de Lysglimt, Vorherre kaster ind i mit paa mørke Udsigter saare rige Liv.

5. Decbr. 1852

Med Højagtelse ærbødigst
Johannes Barner.

Foruden Andersen har han også kendt digteren Carl Bagger, til hvem han har skrevet et digt 1844.

- Overbyes forfatterskab strakte sig over flere områder: han skrev en ABC (1854), en Læsebog (illustreret af Lorentz FrøIich), det omtalte eventyr "Lærkefamilien" og digte, som han udgav samlede 1858 heri findes bl. a. det bekendte: "Har man ungdomskræfter, er en lystig Fyr"; det smukke lille digt "Fiskerdrengen fra Lynæs", "Paa Gaden Juleaften", "Lille Karen", hvortil J. P. F.. Hartmann satte musik, "Naar Solen skinner" (musik af N. W. Gade). "Stæren sad paa Kviste ..", den smukke sang "l Flugt gaar Tiden", hvori disse Linjer:

Thi en Gang lettes Byrden, som har tynget 
paa mangen Kreds og mangt et Samfunds Magt,
og eu Gang vil de alle genforynget
gaa op i et: en mægtig Broderpagt.

Mange af disse vers er kønne, men når de ikke vakte stor opmærksomhed, har det vel været, fordi de i meget føltes som efterligninger af andre samtidige (Chr. Winther, H. C. Andersen); desuden viste de undertiden nogen ubehjælpsomhed i udtrykkene.

 I 1860 opførtes et stykke "Cyprianus" (i en akt med musik af Henrik Rung); det var anonymt, og Overbye antoges af mange for dets forfatter; det kan dog anses for sikkert, at det ikke skyldtes ham, men forfatterinden Ida Nielsen.

1871 mistede han sin hustru, den 1. April 1875 sin lille stilling i ministeriet; til sidst fremlagde han en lægeerklæring, at han i nogle måneder skulle bruge elektrisk behandling (ondet synes altså at være af nervøs natur); dette tillodes ham også, men han søgte nu selv sin afsked, måske fordi han følte sig for svag til at virke længere i denne stilling, hvori han havde været ansat i 27 år; at han skulle være afskediget af politiske grunde, foreligger der ikke noget om i ministeriets papirer. Om hans dårlige økonomiske forhold også på dette tidspunkt vidner flere ansøgninger om forskud, pekuniær støtte og lignende.

Overby fik en vej opkaldt efter sig i Den røde by i Valby (VOB), et boligområde med oprindeligt arbejderboliger i Valby. Kvarteret er anlagt af Valby og Omegns Byggeforening, der blev grundlagt 16. februar 1898 af bryggeriarbejdere. Kvarteret består af 100 enkelthuse, der ligger på Christen Bergs Allé, Overbys Allé, J.P.E Hartmanns Allé samt Traps Allé i Valby. Arkitekt var Julius Bagger.

Den gamle Kirkegaard udenfor Nørreport.. (Efterskrift til Politivennen).

I Politivennen omtaltes "Kirkegården uden for Nørreport" flere gange. Her nogle opfølgninger:

Dødningeben. Ved at udgrave en ny grund på byggeselskabets areal i Gothersgades forlængelse er der opgravet nogle pandeskaller og knogler som endnu mere end 8 dages forløb henligger mellem hverandre. Da grunden ved siden af udgravedes i fjor efterår, transporteredes de der i overordentlig mængde fundne knogler efterhånden til Vestre Kirkegård, mens den største del af den udgravede jord benyttedes til at opfylde den nye gade der af afstukket vest for Kommunehospitalet. Denne gade planeres i disse dage, og det har ikke kunnet undgås at der ved jordens udgravning atter kommer en del knogler til syne, som henkastes på gadens allerede færdige fortov og blive liggende der. I det mindste har indsenderen set de samme knogler henligge der flere dage. For at forebygge det uhyggelige syn af disse menneskelige levninger på alfar gade, burde det påbydes arbejderne inden de om aftenen forlader arbejdspladsen, at samle de i dagens løb fundne knogler og hensætte dem på et aflukket sted, inden de under et kan bortføres. n.
(Nationaltidende, 26. juni 1879.)

Udgravningen af en grund i Gothersgades forlængelse har atter bragt en mængde knogler, kranier m.m. for dagens lys. Mens de nærmest Kommunehospitalet fundne lig alle har været begravet i kister, findes nærmest Gothersgade en masse der har været samlet i en fællesgrav. Mange af de fundne kranier er dels gennemsavede, dels trepanerede.
(Nationaltidende, 31. maj 1879, 2. udgave.)

På det stykke af Gothersgades forlængelse som ligger ud for Kommunehospitalet, graver man i disse dage en dyb grøft til kloak, gasledning eller sådan noget. Ved at se ned i den, bliver man ganske uhyggelig til mode, da jordsmonnet er så opfyldt af menneskeben at disse titter frem overalt. De er ganske tørre og velbevarede, og de forekommer i en sådan mængde at man har bortkørt tre vognmandslæs som er stedt til hvile på Vestre Kirkegård. Selvfølgelig har her tidligere været en kirkegård.

(Silkeborg Avis. Midt-Jyllands Folketidende, 23. maj 1879)

Sankt Croix. Fra "Fireburn" 1878 til Strejke Oktober-November 1879. (Efterskrift til Politivennen)

Den 11. december 1878 bevilligede Estrup plantageejerne et lån på 600.000 kr. af statskassen uden Rigsdagens tilladelse. Landarbejderne blev ikke betænkt. Tværtimod blev der sendt en fregat ("Sjælland") til øerne med soldater som kunne sættes ind hvis landarbejderne på ny skulle finde på noget. 


Fra Vestindien. Af et Brev af 8. Jan. fra en Værnepligtig fra Hjørring, der er med paa Fregatten "Sjælland"s Expedition til Vestindien, meddeler "Vends. Tid." Følgende: 
"Vi have ligget og flakket imellem St. Thomas og St. Croix i lang Tid; men den 20. Decbr. bleve vi satte i Land i Christianssted. Vi vare 40 Mand, der skulde hjælpe Soldaterne paa Landjorden til at holde Styr paa Negerne, der havde truet med, at de vilde gjøre nyt Oprør til Julen, og de vilde begynde Juleaften, en Julekvæld, som jeg ikke glemmer saa let igjen. Jeg havde Vagt ude paa et stort Fængsel, som hedder Richmond, i hvilket der sidder 250 af Oprørerne. Negerne havde ladet sig forstaa med, at de først vilde storme Fængslet for at befri deres Kamerater. Vi vilde altsaa være dem, der først fik de Sorte i Tale, hvis det blev til Noget. For Resten levede vi flot der. Vi fik Flæskesteg og søde Kartofler, Risengrød med Vin til, 10 Cigarer hver Mand og Rom til Punch. "Pebernødder" havde vi i Tasken i Form af 40 skarpe Patroner. Vi sad og spiste med Patrontaske og Sabel paa, samt med det ladte Gevær mellem Benene, klare til at gaa paa, naar Skildvagten varskoede - et højst usædvanligt Juleselskab, der nok er skikket til at præge sig i Erindringen. 
Imidlertid forblev Alt stille, saa at vi fik Lov at drikke vor Punch i Ro. Vi morede os godt ved den dampende Punch og de gode Cigarer. Vi sang danske Fædrelandssange og talte om Eder der hjemme og om Eders Juleaften, der var saa vidt forskjellig fra vor. Der var roligt hele Julen igjennem; men Nyaarsaften begyndte man ude paa en Plantage at gjøre Optøjer, der dog strax dæmpedes ved en Patrouille, der fængslede en Del, og derved var Roligheden gjenoprettet. 4. Januar gik vi tilbage til St. Thomas, hvor Fregatten laa. Vi havde da ligget paa St. Croix i 14 Dage og haft det udmærket godt. Vi laa paa en smuk Kaserne, til hvilken der hørte en stor, præg- tig Have med Keglebane, Badehus og øvrige Bekvemmeligheder. Vi havde megen Frihed, hvilken vi benyttede til at bade os, spasere i Haven og spise Kokusnødder, af hvilke der var en Mængde. Der gik næsten ikke en Tag, uden at vi spiste 5-6 af disse store Nødder der ere meget sunde, navnlig naar man som vi drak en ægte Romer - ikke Pøjt - til. Der er død en Mand for os inde i Christianssted. Det er en Skibstømrer fra Nyborg. Det ar den gule Feber, der tog ham som Offer. Han fik en meget smuk Begravelse. Nu paa Fredag gaa vi herfra til Portoriko og derfra til La Guayra paa Sydamerikas Nordside. Naar vi komme tilbage fra den Tur, haabe vi atter at vende Næsen hjemad til gamle Danmark".

(Jyllands-Posten, 19. februar 1879)

St. Croix Avis den 12. april 1879 var næsten udelukkende helliget et indlæg dateret 1. marts 1879 fra en stor mængde plantageejere til "The Honourable The Chairmen and Members of the Danish Diet, Copenhagen". Her konkluderede de at grunden til utilfredsheden blandt landarbejderne og oprøret i oktober 1878 skulle søges i den danske stats mangel på overvågning af at se arbejdsregulativerne overholdt, at udbruddet og udbredelsen af oprøret var muliggjort, ja endog opmuntret af at militæret og politiet var blevet reduceret at den danske stat, og at oprøret ikke blot var rettet mod privat ejendom, men også mod staten. 




Our readers will have observed in Saturday's issue, and again in the paper to-day, that a pong expected announcement of great importance to this island has now been made, and it has become a published fact that the regulations hitherto controlling the relations between proprietors and rural labourers are to be finally abolished on the 1st of October next. The fact was officially made known on the several estates on Monday last.
It would be impremature to comment on this important notification before we are informed as to the nature of the new ordinance therein referred to.

(St. Croix Avis, 6. august 1879.)

Formelt kom der tre ting ud af Fireburn-strejken: Kontrakterne var ikke længere på årlig basis, arbejderne kunne købe land - op til 28 ha, og fagforeninger blev tilladt. Reelt og i praksis skete der kun få forbedringer i landarbejdernes forhold, og børnedødeligheden fortsatte med at være blandt de største i Karibien.

Guvernør Garde undertegnede 13. september 1879 en ny lov for regulering af arbejdet, offentliggjort i St. Croix. Avis, 20. september 1879. St. Croix Avis, 24. september publicerede teksten til en ny løsgængerlov, hvor arbejdsløse i princippet blev gjort kriminelle.

1. oktober 1879 ophørte de retningslinjer der var mellem arbejdere og arbejdsgivere. I stedet skulle gælde samme lov som hvilede på de principper som gjalt i tyendelovene. Det ville plantageejerne ikke gå med til, men ville fastholde årskontrakterne og ensartet betaling, nemlig 70 øre om dagen. Det nægtede arbejderne at gå ind på, og nedlagde arbejdet den 1. oktober. 2-3.00 arbejdere forlod endog øerne og tog til Frederiksted for at blive overført til naboøerne.  Trods kongeligt besøg - prins Valdemar - kunne konflikterne ikke holdes i ave:


Since our last, the situation in the country remains unchanged. The proprietors, at least for the most part, hold to the demand for a yearly contract, and the labourers as steadily refuse. So far as we know there is not one estate in the island where the people have returned to work. Good order, at the same time, prevails everywhere.
On Saturday and Monday many of the immigrant labourers crowded into West Endunder the false impresson that the English war-steamer Blanche had come to carry them back to their native islands.

(St Croix Avis, 8. oktober 1879.)

Den 9. oktober 1879 fremsatte finansministeren i Landstinget et lovforslag om "Hærstyrken paa de dansk-vestindiske Øer". Dette blev udførligt behandlet i Dagbladet (København), den 10. oktober 1879. Herunder også bilagene der forsøgte at finde årsagerne til oprørets udbrud. Man nåede her frem til at udbruddet skyldtes en tilfældighed, og at der altså ikke var lagt nogen plan med det. Men at der før oprøret havde været en almindelig udbredt misfornøjelse blandt landarbejderne. Fra "pålidelige personligheder" havde man underretning om at arbejderbefolkningen på St. Croix var den ø hvor arbejderbefolkningen havde det bedst. 

Som forebyggende foranstaltninger mod en gentagelse anbefalede kommissionen en genoprettelse af respekten for lovens autoritet, med andre ord, mere militær på øerne. Arbejdsordningen skulle vedblive, men arbejderregulationerne ophævet og erstattet af en tyendelov, en løsgængerlov, en skolereform mm. Altså stort set det som guvernøren allerede havde gennemført i september.


Wednesday, 15th October 1879.
We regret to write that the dead-lock in plantation work still continues. The labourers object sometimes that 20 cents is "not 'nough," sometime that they "will not be bung". 
We cannot hope that any advice of ours will spread much among the labouring class, but we would like to examine these objections from their own stand point and in their own interest.
First in regard to the twenty cents a day not being sufficient. Do the labourers know that this is the same rate as is paid in the smaller English islands, in Antigua for example? In Barbados, it is true, the common pay is a shilling, or 24 cents a day; but out of this the man has to pay for his house and ground, which is generally done by giving one day's labour a week as rent, and thus the pay is brought down to the same as is offered here. Do the labourers generally know that seven persons who left here for Barbados not very long ago, have returned to Est. Slob within the last few days? This ought to be a warning to the rest not to be anxious to try other islands. Broader reasons it would be useless to offer; but of course the real question is what can the land afford; and we feel sure that no planter will be willing to risk much more in the present state and prospects of the sugar market. It must be left to each planter to say what he can do; and it is not in the interest of the labourers themselves to have the estate thrown out of cultivation, by forcing the owner beyond this limit.
When we come to the objection to being bound, we must say that it does not in the least surprise us. The labourers have considered the abolition of Government interference, as an abolition of the contract system altogether. As a labouring man was heard to say the other day: How can we bound when the King has told us we are all free? It is not easy to make them see the difference between a contract proposed by the master, and a contract which they are compelled to take by the Government. And in truth, if the whole planting body agrees to insist upon it, it does practically amount to the same thing. Here we would remark that while we do not for a moment question the right of the planters to unite for this purpose, we do question the wisdom of erecting a rigid institution like this to meet exigencies which were utterly unknown and could not be foreseen. Such unions may do very well in old countries, it remains to be seen whether they are wish here. But to return to the "being bound", we do not, think the labourers have considered the great advantage that a contract is to themselves. The advantage to the owner of the land is too obvious to need comment: but the labourer has perhaps not thought of it from his own side. Let us suppose the case of an estate changing hands, the contracted labourers must be kept on and paid, the uncontracted may be dismissed. Again in dry weather the uncontracted hands can be discharged or put on half work, while for the contracted hands work and pay must be found all the time. Further, in the case of a man having a good provision ground, there is much more assurance of his reaping the products when the master is bound by contract to keep him on the estate.
In short the labourer is apt to forget that if he is bound the master is bound too, and must find work for him and support him whether convenient to do so or no. In Antigua, a contract act was passed, because the Iabouring people themselves saw the advantage of it, and a great number readily entered into contracts. Those who did not are liable to be sent off the estates as soon as dry weather sets in; and consequently in Antigua there is always great poverty, and we may add crime also, in such seasons. There are two sides to every question, and it is well, that the labourers should see this contract question from the side of its advantages to themselves before they decide entirely on refusing to enter into contracts.

(St. Croix Avis, 15. oktober 1879.)


St. Croix
(From the Avis October 18th)
Since our last issue we have heard of several estates having resumed work. All through the Island the labourers whose contracts under the old law had not expired have gone back to their work; but the greater number og those whose contracts expired on the 1st of October still refuse to accept the new terms.
There is a rumour that some managers are offering a fixed sum with allowance; and as the allowance system is in great favour with the labourers, and has some merits, it is worth while to consider this plan.

(Sanct Thomæ Tidende, 22. oktober 1879)

4. november meldte guvernør Garde at arbejdet var ved at blive genoptaget. 


Om Tilstanden paa St. Croix skriver en anden Korrespondent til os.
Øens Sukkermarker gjøre for Tiden et særdeles tiltalende Indtryk, prangende i det frodigste Lysegrønt. Afgrøden siges ogsaa at staa udmærket, bedre end i Mands Minde, kun skal Saften paa Grund af den stærke Hegn være for vandet. Øen gjennemkrydses at gode, jævne Veje. beplantede paa begge Sider med Palmetræer, og naar man ser den saa grøn og smilende, er der ikke Spor at opdage af Ulykkerne fra ifjor. Men naar man kommer nærmere til Plantagerne, ser man de nøgne, sværtede Mure fra Branden, og naar man taler med Planterne saa faar det rigtignok et andet Udseende. ikke luldt saa smilende. Negerne synes at være rolige og skikkelige, men ville ikke arbejde. De tidligere tvungne Arbejderforhold ere blevne ophævede, og der er nu indført en ny Lov, særlig gaaende ud fra frie Aarskontrakter mellem Arbedsgivere og Arbejdere og tillige en strix vagrant law imod Løsgængere for at tvinge Negerne til at tage Arbejde. For Øjeblikket staar det saaledes. at Arbejderne vedblive at bo i deres Huse paa Plantagerne, skjønt de ikke have nogen Ret dertil, og Planterne ville foreløbig ikke kaste dem ud, idet de dels nødig ville miste Arbejderne og derfor give dem Tid til at sunde sig lidt, dels ikke tør gjøre det, da i saa Fald alle Landnegerne ville blive kastede paa Landevejen og blive Løsgængere. Og naar disses tal saaledes bliver Tusinder, er det vanskeligt at se, hvordan man skal kunne anvende Lovens Strenghed imod dem. Man har ikke Plads til at arrestere dem. saameget mere, som Richmond Fængslet endnu er fuldt al Fanger fra ifjor, hvis UndersøgeIse endnu ikke er endt! Sende dem bort Allesammen hverken vil eller kan man, hvorimod Øen vilde vinde meget ved Bortsendelsen af et Par hundrede engelske Negere, der satte ondt Blod i Befolkningen. Det menes, at det væsentlig skyldes disses Tyranni, at Striken er almindelig. Det vil nu vise sig, hvem der er stærkest. Man maa kun haabe, at forholdene maa blive ordnede uden Optøjer og Vold; thi meget Mere af den Slags kan Den vist ikke taale.

(Dagbladet (København) 5. november 1879)




Om Forholdene paa St. Croix bringer "B. T." følgende opbyggelige Efterretning:
Oktober Maaned, som man havde imødeset med Spænding, er endelig kommen og har bragt os en gennemgaaende Arbejderstrejke over hele Landet. Ifølge de af Planterne i den saakaldte Planters Association trufne Bestemmelser er der blevet tilbudt Arbejderne efter 1ste Oktober 20 Cents om Dagen, frit Hus, Provisioner og Lægehjælp, men til Gengæld forlanges der, at de skulle binde sig for 12 Maaneder. Planterne holde strengt herpaa, fordi de frygte for ellers ikke at kunne stole paa at deres Arbejdere i Høstens travle Tid. Men Negrene ville ikke høre Tale derom, og der er saa godt som Ingen af dem gaaet ind derpaa. Paa Plantagerne hersker der omtrent Dødsstilhed. Man ringer regelmæssig med Klokken om Morgenen, venter til ingen Nytte. Arbejderne røre sig ikke af Stedet. Nogle af Plantagerne gerne i Nærheden af Frederikssted danne dog en Undtagelse, idet der paa disse fandtes Negere, hvis Kontrakter først udløbe i December, og som derfor af Politiet er blevne tvungne til at arbejde. 
Situationen er for Tiden meget spændt og Ingen véd hvad den nærmeste Fremtid vil bringe. Vi faar nu se hvorledes Politiet vil benytte Løsgængerloven; Guvernøren, der har opholdt sig her i den sidste Uge, skal have givet sine Ordrer desangaaende. Hvis man kan gennemføre 12 Maaneders Kontrakt, vil dette være bedst for Øen, men det vil vistnok falde haardt at faa Negrene tvungne dertil, og der vil, for at dette kan gennemføres, udfordres Sammenhold mellem Planterne. Om man med Sikkerhed kan stole paa et saadant, turde for den, der nøje kender Forholdene, ikke ubetinget være en afgjort Sag. En Enkelt af dem har allerede, til stor Forbitrelse (!) for de Andre, begyndt at arbejde igen med Negre paa Dagløn. Et andet Spørgsmaal er det iøvrigt, om ikke Gennemførelsen ved Tvang af den af Planterne opstillede Fordring vil være forstyrrende paa det gode Forhold, der burde eksistere mellem Forvalterne og Arbejderne.

(Social-Demokraten 6. november 1879.)

Dansk Vestingen. St. Croix. Markarbejdere. Postkort. Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Creative Commons Navngivelse-IkkeKommerciel-IngenBearbejdelse 3.0 Unported Licens.



Forholdene paa de dansk-vestindiske Øer. "Dagbladet" meddeler til Oplysning om Tilstandene derovre stigende over alle Grænser hensynsløst Brev fra Frederikssted til "St. Thomas Times", dateret den 20de Oktober: 
"Arbejderne opfører sig meget ordenlig, og man nærer ingen Frygt for en Opstand. Beredne Nattepatroljer rykker hver Aften ud for at gennemstrejfe Landet og vender tilbage til Byerne om Morgenen. Planternes Opførsel mod Arbejderne har været meget prisværdig. De har tilladt dem at blive paa deres Plantager og bo i deres Huse uden at betale nogen Leje i en Maaned. De Arbejdere, der endnu vægre sig ved at arbejde, er forsultne og holder Livet oppe ved at tigge eller ved Hjælp af Grøntsager og Frugt fra Plantagerne. - Mange af dem, som troede, at de kunde komme bort med det engelske Orlogsskib, havde solgt Alt, hvad de ejede, Vogne, Heste, Bohave osv. De vil faa Lov til at blive paa Plantagerne til den 1ste Novbr., men hvis de da ikke vil arbejde, vil de blive jagede bort af Ejerne, og hvor de saa skal hen, ved man ikke ret. Vist er det, at der ikke paa Øen er noget Arbejdshus eller noget Fængsel, der kan rumme dem Alle. Arbejderne er vaklende i deres Forlangender, kun vil de ikke paa nogen Maade have Aarskontrakt. Planterne har tilbudt dem 20 Cents om Dagen, et lille Stykke Jord, frit Hus, fri Læge og Medicin, men holder paa Aarskontrakt, fordi de i den ser en Sikkerhed imod Strejker i Høsttiden. Lidt efter lidt opnaas der dog Overenskomster paa disse Betingelser, navnlig i Kristiansted-Distriktet. At Arbejderne paa St. Croix er bedre farne end paa nogle af Naboøerne, fremgaar deraf, at 5 Arbejdere med deres Familie er vendt tilbage efter at have forladt St. Croix i August og har sluttet Kontrakt paa de samme i Plantager, hvor de tidligere arbejdede."
Hvor kedeligt: Fængslerne kan ikke rumme dem Alle; men man kan jo - ikke sandt, det er det, der ønskes - skyde de stakkels Arbejdere ned ligesom sidst. Hvilket nederdrægtigt regimente der hersker derovre.

(Social-Demokraten 20. november 1879)


Et efterfølgende kommissionsarbejde fandt at landarbejdernes vilkår var urimelige hvad angik årskontrakterne, uigennemskueligt bødesystem som trak bøder fra arbejdernes løn, og plantagearbejdernes forhold til kvinderne. Heroverfor stod "negerens karakter". Hovedpunkterne af kommissionens rapport blev offentliggjort i Sanct Thomæ Tidende, 15. og 19. november 1879.

Spørgsmålet om at sælge øerne til USA var oppe igen. Af danskere på de vestindiske øer var fortrinsvis offentligt ansatte, resten af den hvide befolkning var af engelsk eller spansk oprindelse. De sorte havde ingen europæiske forbindelser.

27 april 2022

Sankt Croix: Kolonirådsmøde 6. november 1878. (Efterskrift til Politivennen)

De danske kolonilove (1863) bestemte at der skulle være to koloniråd på de danske Vestindiske Øer: Et for St. Thomas-St. Jan og et for St. Croix. Stemmeberettigede til sidstnævnte var mænd med formue på over 500 vestindiske dollars eller som besad ejendom som producerede en årlig indkomst på 75 vestindiske dollars (150 på St. Thomas). Kolonirådet bestod derfor altid af en lille, privilegeret elite. Det interesserede sig på intet tidspunkt for infrastruktur, sundhedsvæsen eller uddannelse. 

På mødet onsdag den 6. november 1878 var til stede guvernøren, viceguvernøren, formand Rosenstand, Sarauw, Branch, Farrelly, Elliot, Hvid, Kalmer, Skeoch, Moore, Latimer og Faber. St. Croix Avis bragte den 13. november et udførligt referat. Man drøftede genopbygningen efter oprøret og støtte fra Danmark. Rådsmedlemmer havde kritiseret militærets indgriben. Det afviste guvernøren pure. I en bisætning nævnte han at måske de skulle se på landarbejdernes forhold, så man ikke stod i samme situation næste år til oktober, men udover diskuteredes landarbejdernes forhold ikke.

I det hele taget illustrerer kolonialrådsmødet meget godt hvor den hvide magtelite lagde fokus - og det helt op til 1916 (se senere afsnit): Den danske regering burde sende flere penge som erstatning for tabene, og mere militær for at holde kontrol med landarbejderne i tilfælde af at de protesterede alt for meget over forholdene. Efterfølgende kolonirådsmøder fulgte stort set denne linje.

Samtidig (23. november 1878) blev guvernørens redegørelse offentliggjort i St. Croix Avis, næsten en måned senere end i Danmark.

Referaterne har af hensyn til læsbarheden fået indsat flere afsnit som ikke var med i de oprindelige artikler.


1st Crown member ( Branch) could not see the use of a Committee, nor could he see any good to delay. He scarcely thought there could be any opposition to the Communication, which is clear and lucid in its contents and ably got up. There is only one point to which he would wish to call attention, as he did not think the Council should commit itself, nor did he suppose his Excellency wished that the Council should commit itself, to the remark in question; at all events he and several Members, besides many in the Community, could not join in that remark, he referred to the part of the communication where it is stated that the Military force, viz. that which had been sent out on Wednesday night in the Northside Road and had halted at Montpellier, had been obliged to retreat. The Community were at a loss to see or to find out the causes of the retreat. Anyhow to that fatal retreat is due all the burning and destruction that took place on Thursday, except those fires that were set in distant places. The bands of rebels who destroyed Morning Star, Montpellier, Windsor and Glynn were not in existence before Thursday morning. when the gangs of these and other estates completed a junction, a junction which would not have been possible if the soldiers had not on Wednesday night retreated from their positions at Montpellier. In fact that retreat did the greatest harm, and it made a sad impression to see brave soldiers turn their backs to Paris and his hordes
The Governor: When, the day after the revolt had broken out, he came here with a few men from St. Thomas, he had not expected, after doing his best, to be blamed, and blamed in such an unjust manner. He did not now address himself as much to the honourable Member, to whom he was thankful for having brought forward the opinion in the Colonial Council, as to many others who had expressed the same opinion elsewhere. It was very unjust to blame a handful of men in that manner. It will be remembered that the night on which those 20 men were despatched to the Northside, was very dark and rainy; the men had just arrived front a garrison where there were many cases of fever, nobody here could give any information as to whether the rioters offered armed resistance or not; to fact with but very few exceptions everybody here was full of fear. The officer in command of the men from St. Thomas, Lieutenant Baron Eggers did not wish to lose time; he applied for permission to go out with a detachment of troops along the Northside Road, to reconnoitre and gain information as to the actual slate. The Governor warned the Lieutenant, that it would be difficult to do anything, as the cane pieces are so high, that even at day time, it was not possible to see far ahead, much less in the dark of the night; as an instance of this, he would mention, that when on the following day the troops were out, rioters were from the top of Kingshill seen putting fire to cane pieces at the foot of the hill, but on reaching the spot, not one was to be found or seen; this was in broad daylight; it was impossible at present to search the cane fields, how much more so in a dark rainy night.  Such accusations could only contribute to cool the interest and attachment he had always felt for this Island. 

Heinrich Franz Alexander von Eggers (1844-1903) officer, botaniker. Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Creative Commons Navngivelse-IkkeKommerciel-IngenBearbejdelse 3.0 Unported Licens. Deltog i krigen 1864. Rejste herefter til Mexico og indrullerede sig i the Imperial Mexican Volunteer Corps Österreichisches Freiwilligenkorps. Blev taget til fange af meksikanske republikanere. 1867-1885  løjtnant, senere kaptajn i den danske hær på de vestindiske øer. Som pensionist botaniske studier på øerne.

Now, to resume, if there had been some courageous men here to join the military on that expedition, the result might have been otherwise; but there were none such, it was even difficult to get a few carriages to convey the men. The rumours spread with regard to the movement in question, and the conclusions based thereon are wrong. The 20 man were sent out in the dark of the night; they had not gone very far when they were fired on at the Estate Golden Rock; to ascertain something about this firing, enquiry was immediately made at the Central Factory where some armed men were stationed, whether there had been any firing; but not a gun had been discharged from there, still there were witnesses of firearms having been discharged. There was this good reason to believe that the rioters were armed; the Officer in command of the detachment was obliged to adhere strictly to his orders: to pass tho Northside Road and join Lieutenant Waage at Kingshill, but by all means to avoid being surrounded by the rebels or cut off from Christiansted. There were in all about 100 soldiers in the island; if they had been scattered round about, with 20 men here, and 80 there, and the rioters had made a vigorous armed resistance, the lives of the inhabitants in this town would have been exposed to the greatest danger. 
Some time after his departure, Lieutenant Eggers reported that its men were wet and tired, as could be expected, and therefore had been obliged to remain at Montpellier; at the same time, Lieutenant Waage reported that the rioters were burning Estates at the foot of Kingshill, and that they were in such large numbers, that he had not considered it warrantable to remain there with his 20 men but had retreated to Sion Farm. Under these circumstances, as the men of both detachments were over tired and as there was no possibility of sending reinforcement from here, it was necessary to order both detachments to town, to rest till the following day. Now if the Colonial Council should not be satisfied with this, the Council ought to complain to the Home Government; but the Governor would remind the Council of the consequences.
He was happy to say that the loss of life has been strongly exaggerated; according to official information obtained with regard to labourers on the Estates, 58 persons were shot in the open fields, and 12 by sentence of the Court Martials: 14 women were burned at Grove Place, making in all 84 lives lost; nothing is us yet known about the porters particularly in Westend Quarter; but he did not think the total would exceed 100 lives. As for the amount of Damages done, the Government has received from the Presidency a report based on estimates drawn up by the respective Quarter Officers and Estate Owners, according to which all the damages done in Estates works, inventory, produce made and canes in the fields are estimated at $670,500, to which will come the loss occasioned by the delay of the crop. For Frederiksted no estimate has as yet been obtained. The Colonial Treasury's loss is put down at 10.000 by destruction of buildings, and $90,000 on loss of revenue; the Central Factory c. $1,800 and several other losses $5,000; thus the loss at present estimated may be put down at c, $700.000. In the same manner the most necessary repairs to the Estates' works have been estimated to cost $264,000.
This is of course the question most pressing at present, at least on his mind, viz: how to bring the estates as soon as possible in working order. 
There is no doubt but, that many planters are unable to help themselves; and we can expect help from no other source than the State Treasury. He had desired some time since to see the Colonial Council on this matter, but the state of siege existing in the Island, delayed the meeting. He had however on his own accord informed the Home Government of the necessity of coming to the assistance of the Island, and had inquired if the colony could expect to get such assistance. He had however as yet received no final reply. With the last mail, he had received a letter from the Minister, according to which the Home  Government entertains an idea similar to his that the Colonial Treasury should assist the planters through a loan from the State Treasury. No doubt the Home Government will add some conditions; and he could only hope that honorable Members will from several reasons see the necessity of making changes in several respects, so as not to have a new 1st of October soon again. 
He had hoped before to-day to receive a telegram from Copenhagen containing further information on the matter; on the other hand, he did not, wish to act any longer on his own hand for this island, but would prefer that the Colonial Council joins; it will of of course depend on how he is now personally met here, whether he will at all continue to work personally for the Island or not. He would propose that the Council appoints a Committee to draw up the Council's remarks on Government's communication about the state of siege, and he intends to propose another one to cooperate with the Government, in order to consider and decide what amount it is necessary to procure to relieve the distress in the island to propose to the Colonial Council such petitions as the Committee might recommend to be addressed to Home Government, with regard to the future and particularly the financial position of the community, and to consider upon which amounts the Colonial Treasury should lend to the sufferers.
The Chairman vacated the chair to the Vice Chairman (Sarauw)
2nd Member for Christiansted's Country District [Rosenstand] should have had no objection to defer making any remarks on the communication, at all events till it had passed in the Committee; but as the discussion had been opened, he would have to make some remarks. He must confess, he rather regretted having encouraged the 1st Crown Member (Branch) to come forward with his remarks; he was never more surprised than by those remarks. It never struck him that the Council just at the time it received a communication regarding the great calamity that has befallen the Island, would pick out small points or parts of the whole sad drama, and make them the object of criticism which in this moment could scarcely he exercised with sufficient calmness and justice. He would most strongly advise the Council not to follow this course. He would, to show how difficult it was to form an opinion on affairs or to make any fair criticism afterwards, refer to what had been said by the Governor of the impossibility of getting information if the rebels offered any armed resistance, or not ... [The Governor: It was not even known that there were 7 or 8 gangs of rebels; but from communications received and what could loosely be gathered here, it was  supposed they were moving in one large mass; it was only the next day any certainty was obtained] . . . . we all in town believed the same thing, and much uncertainty prevailed as to the whole state of things. In the course of the day such information should have been sought and obtained here, as could have guided the military movements in the evening, through patrols, but we had no force available for patrols; in the forenoon several planters applied for authorisation from the President to go out in a body and meet the rioters; they got the desired permission but the expedition did not come off; in the evening, be happened to meet one of these planters; he had been out, but alone with his manager and another gentleman. He would not criticise this. Let the movement in question be an error, others would find other movements equally as wrong In West End the complaint was, that no detachment were sent out on the North Side on Thursday Afternoon, when applied for; all this might be wrong but this is not the moment to search for errors. 
We have other things now to do; and if the Council appoint Committee to draw up the remarks, it would bo a shame if there should be nothing else than backings and bickerings at the communication. We have first to examine whether the Governor was justified in declaring martial law or putting the Island in a state of siege, and to suggest what is best to do to raise the island from the efforts of the calamity. The latter part may now after the Government is going to propose the appointment of a second Committee not fall under the reply to the communication. Unity makes strong; we cannot expect sympathy from the Danish Diet, if we are here governed by faction. What faults or errors we find, can be reserved for comment, on another occasion, but our first act should be one of unity and to show that we are ready to do our best to raise the Island from its prostrated state. It was reassuring to see that on the introduction of the Financial Law in the Diet the Minister of Finances had alluded to that the state of St. Croix would lay great claims on the State Treasury. (To be continued)

(St. Croix Avis, 23. november 1878)

Kvinder ved hytte på St. Croix. Uden årstal. Det kongelige Bibliotek. Materialet er muligvis beskyttet af ophavsret.

Rådsmødereferatet fortsatte i næste nummer:


PROCEEDINGS OF THE COLONIAL COUNCIL
for St. Croix.

(Conclusion af Meeting of 6th November.)
(Discussion on Government's Communication concerning the state of siege.)
4th Member for Christiansted's Country District (Farrelly) complained of the Island having been left without, sufficient protection. Westend with all the Estates round there was left only to the protection of 5 policemen and 5 rattans, If Westend had had some sort of military protection, the whole thing might have been avoided. Attention to this had been called during the discussions on the military ordinance, and fears were expressed. Now has come to pass what the Authorities and some Members would not believe; he and almost all the other planters have been ruined, and have lost everything, because it was thought fit to have no military men located in Westend.
The Governor: Who was it said who did not want any military force?
4th Member for Christiansted' Country District (Farrelly): There were 6-7 Members who voted against doing away with the forces.
The Governor would beg Members to be just enough to remember the history of the military ordinance. For the first 9 years after his arrival here, he opposed retrenchments in the public expenditure, for which many voices were raised; he held that the Administration could not be had cheaper, and that those reductions which here and there might be made were so trifling, that they would lead to nothing. In fact, he had heard constantly a great deal about  retrenchments, but could not find any key to a plan for their execution. In 1872 we were comparatively rich; then came 1873 which found us a little poorer. In 1873 or 74 while on a visit here, he was addressed by a so called Deputation, that asserted that $500,000 were requisite in order to continue the business of the island. Government procured them a loan of $150,000 from the Statetreasury. This loan has not since been fully repaid, because the one drought followed the other, and the crops went down as low as 3.00 hogsheads in one year, there was no money in the Treasury, and no sufficient revenue to be expected; what was the use of the Council saying we wish to maintain the military, but we have no money to pay for it. 
Later, on the 4th January in 1875, he in this Council had frankly declared that he was not bound to fulfil the promises made by former Governors, and that he would not undertake to support vague proposals of retrenchments, but must demand that those who voted retrenchments, should show how such were to be effected. In 1876 he left here for Copenhagen for the purpose of promoting the Central Factory, he would not speak of what he had done in that respect; but If he had not gone, the Factory would never have been here; perhaps some may say it would have been better it had not come; the future will show. The Diet gave another loan of 600.000 Kroner to the Colonial Treasury besides supplying one half of the Factory's Capital through a loan from the State. The Diet made however certain conditions, among others that we should curtail our expenses as much as possible, and as the military expenses was the only item where reduction of any significance could be effected, the last military ordinance was submitted. 
Now, a great deal might be said for and against the military; he would here refer to a simple but striking remark he had heard sometime ago: it is simply absurd to expect to grow canes with rifles. He would beg to ask, was there any man here who would before the 1st of October could or did suppose that a danger of the kind could be expected to occur on this Island? He had spoken with 3  gentlemen, who have lived a long life here in i the Island, intimately acquainted with the labourers an animated by a strong feeling of justice and humanity, one of these viz: Reverend DuBois, he would take the liberty to mention and publicly pay him this compliment on account of the zealous and courageous manner in which he had endeavoured to prevent the riots in Frederiksted; he had asked each of those gentlemen, if they had ever thought such a fearful, dreadful calamity possible; they replied all that if they had been asked the question on the 30th September, they would have answered it was utterly impossible: a little disturbance or a strike might be possible; but such a serious rising was beyond the conception of every one. This Is the secret of the military question: we have all fell secure, we have slept with our doors open, but we have suddenly seen that we have been mistaken. This may be called the moral sense of the question: the pecuniary view of the matter is that the Island was unable to bear the former military expenses, they had necesarily to be retrenched.
1st Crown member (Branch) had felt it would seem an incidious thing to incite the remarks he had had to make on the Governor's communication. But he had to a certain extent been misunderstood. He had spoken on one point, which he found to be wrong and which was much commented upon by the public, but he would not join in any wholesale condemnation. As regards to the insurrection itself, it was too true that it could not have taken place if a military force had been in the Island; but for its real causes, he must go further than the removal of the military force from West End and Kingshill. The planters have for many years been driving their labour power at high steam pressure; Ihe engine has now burst, Until the whole body of planters have learnt to feel more for and with labourers than they do now; until they feel that labourers need something else beside being well fed and housed, - in fact that they are not merely so much working power, then the Island, though it may be made safe, will not be what it ought to be, not if you put all the military force you like into it.
4th Member for Christiansted's Country District (Farrelly) believed that nowhere in the world would you find a class of labourers better clad, better fed and enjoying a better life than here in this Island; foreign clergymen have come here and seen it and commented on it, and a proof of it is afforded by the people leaving here and afterwards returning even from their native land. No planter considers a labourer Iess than what he is, or treats him otherwise than he ought to do. As for the remarks from the Governor that no one expected this outbreak, he would observe that for some time it was plain the labourers were driving at something, had something in their heads, especially as they did not cultivate their provision grounds; a strike might have been looked for, but this general rising was not expected; for no earthly reason could be supposed for those labourers wanting to ruin the whole Island and to drive out the white man.
The Chairman vacated bis seat to the Vice Chairman.
2nd Member for Christiansted's Country District (Rosenstand) would shortly reply to the remarks from the honourable Member (Branch) about the planter's treatment to labourers. The honourable 4th Member for Christiansted's Country district (Farrelly) had already replied; but be might be considered too interested in the question to take an unbiased view of it. He (the speaker) though having no personal interest in the question had through many years and in different positions closely observed and become well acquainted with the relation between planters and their labourers ; and he thought that on the whole - exceptional cases were always to be found - such accusations as were brought against the whole class of Planters by the honorable and reverend member were unjust and unwarrantable, and be would most earnestly repudiate them, that they should not pass over the whole world uncontradicted.
1st Crown Member (Branch) was sorry that the Chairman had again somewhat misunderstood him. What he had intended to say in connection with the labourers was, that unless a feeling of mutual confidence be established between employers and labourers, the latter could be kept down only by terror. He should certainly not wish the island to be without military assistance; he would himself have voted against the removal of the troops if he had been in the Council at that time; but he does not wish it to be overlooked, that there are affairs here which need to be adjusted in a suitable manner; he meant the relation between employer and labourer, which must be put on a footing somewhat like similar relations elsewhere; for, as justly observed by His excellency to day - we cannot grow canes with rifles.
The Governor, would as he had touched on the labour question in the communication, add a few words with special reference to what the honorable 1st Crown member (Branch) had stated. He [the Governor] concurred with the honorable Member in his principles for the adjustment to the labour-question. All relations between two classes of people, who wish to live in peace together, ought to he regulated according lo these principles. The labourers must be treated with humanity, and it ought to be made possible for the employers to encourage good laborers by rewarding them with a higher pay than the rest, but the present labour-regulations do not allow this. The labourers have Iately committed a crime by trying to bring about a change in the Law in an Illegal manner; it has therefore been necessary to force them back under the provisions of the law; but we must be prepared to make a change for the future, and to show that we are willing lo settle the labour-question with justice to all. It will be noticed from the Newspapers, that although they had scanty information about the riot here, they have all guessed that, the Labour-question is not regulated here as it ought to be; if we wish to obtain the sympathy of the outer world, we must try to meet its opinions.
Afier a respite of 15 minutes, the Council resumed.
2nd Crown Member (Kalmar) fully concurred with what had fallen from the Chairman during the first part of the discussion, and thought the first feeling that should pervade the Council alter the sad calamity in the Island, should be to try to do everything to remedy the effects; to pat shoulder to shoulder to work out a good result. He did also feel convinced that this would be the ultimate result of the Council's action; and withal, it will take a long time before the island can recover from the effects of the dreadful calamity. At the same time it was very cheering to see both from the Government's remarks as well as from elsewhere, that there is a readiness on the part of ihe Home Government and the Nation to come to the assistance of the Island; not only a readiness to yield mere material help, but there is a sympathy, which makes our cause a national cause, so that one could feel more than ever before convinced, that the Mother Country will not consider us as a colony, but embrace us as a province, he could not allow these discussions to be closed, without giving expulsion to the joy he felt on that account, and he held the expeciation that that national feeling will become stronger and stronger, and ultimately lead to our being admitted in all respects as a part of Denmark. As for the Council's remarks to the communication, the proper way would in his opinion be to have a Committee to prepare them, and he would like to know if the same Committee could not attend to the other purposes, for the Governor desired to have a special Committee,
The (Chairman) did not think it possible that one Committee could serve for the two different
purposes, He would refer the question to the Governor.
The (Governor) would propose a special Committee to be appointed to confer with him on several questions.
3rd Member for Frederiksted's Country District (Moore) proposed a Committee of 3
Members to be appointed to prepare the Council's remarks to the Government's Communication.
4th Member for Christiansted's Country District (Farrelly) proposed a Committee of 5 Members. Moore withdrew his proposal, and Farrelly's proposal was unanimously adopted. The Governor handed in his proposal as already reported.

(St. Croix Avis, 27. november 1878)

Herefter fortsatte forhandlingerne og forslagene om en komite.

Lars Peter Elfelt (1866-1931): søfolk på gaden i Christianssted. Materialet er fri af ophavsret. Det Kongelige Bibliotek.


To the Editor of the "St. Croix Avis"
Mr. Editor!
I was very much pleased on Friday to hear at the meeting of the Colonial Council allusion made to the Press in this Island.
You cannot be entirely unaware of the great disatisfaction which has of late been very freely expressed as to the unfairness which has been shown towards a very large proportion of our community, by, as they have in my opinion justly considered it, a want of free access to the Avis, and on the very subject which it so happened was the cause of the said allusion on Friday, vix., the Central Factory.
The general opinion has been that any expression adverse to that unfortunate institution would not have been admitted to the columns of your paper, or, to speak plainer yet, that we have no free press in this Island. A certain state of things has been going on too long, and it is time that there should be a change.
Will you, therefore, Mr. Editor, in an early issue, let the Public know if we have a free press or not, bearing in mind that we fully understand the distinction between a free press and alicentious one.
Yours truly
X

(St. Croix Avis, 13. november 1878)

I en artikel om landskolerne St. Croix Avis 20. november 1878, lød en del af konklusionen således:

While our labouring population lies under disgrace, we feel that views such as we have stated, although their abstract truth may be admitted, will not meet with much sympathy. It remains for the people themselves to alter this state of public feeling towards them by perseverance in good conduct and the performance of their daily duties, and we hope that those of them who can read and write will use their influence among them to show that such a course will be the best for all interests concerned.

En læser havde plæderet for at landbefolkningen ikke skulle uddannes, og at situationen skulle udnyttes til at fjerne dette privilegium. Diskussionen gik mellem om den sorte landarbejderbefolkning skulle fastholdes i "barbari" uden uddannelse, eller de skulle lære gennem uddannelse at opføre sig som lovlige og gode arbejdere.

Den 28. december 1878 udstedte Christian 9. en befaling om at Johan Frederik Schlegel, Martin Levy og Carl Madsenius Vilhelm von Tvermoes skulle udsendes for at undersøge årsagerne til oprøret, skader og tilstå et midlertidigt lån. 


Janus August Garde,
Gouverneur for de dansk-vestindiske Øer,
Kammerherre,
Commandeur af Danebrog og Danebrogsmand

GJÖR VITTERLIGT: Da det er anseet for nödvendigt, at der uden Ophold træffes Bestemmelse om Lettelser for Eierne af de under Opstanden paa St Croix i October Maaned 1878 ödelagte Bygninger og Sukkerværker med Hensyn til disses Gjenopförelse og Istandsættelse, saa bliver herved i Kraft af den mig ved Coloniallovens §4 overdragne Myndighed, foreløbigen fastsat og anordnet som fölgor.
§1
Alle Materialier, der fra 1ste October 1878 at regne og inden 31ste Marts 1880 indföres til St. Croix og som beviisligt anvendes til Gjenopförelsen af de under Opstanden i October Maaned 1879 Ödelagte Bygninger i Byen Frederiksted og paa Landet samt til Istandsættelsen af de ved samme Leilighed beskadigede Værker og Indretninger samt Brugsgjenstande m.m., bestemte til Tilvirkning af Sukker og dettes Biproducter, ere fritagne for den ved Lov angaaende Handel og Skibfart paa St. Croix af 30te Juni 1850 §6 foreskrevne Indförselstold, saaledes at denne godtgjöres vedkommende Eiendomsbesidder, under saadanne nærmere Bestemmelser med Hensyn til Controllen, som blive at fastsætte af Gouvernementet. For de i nævnte Öiemed alt tidligere indförte Materialier vil den erlagte Udförselstold kunne tilbagebetales, naar de fornödne Beviisligheder for Anvendelsen ere tilstede.

§ 2
Alle Gældsforskrivninger der i ovennævnte Tidsrum udstædes for Pengeforstrækninger til Gjenopförelsen og Istandsættelsen af de som nævnt i §1 ødelagte Bygninger og Værker, ere fritagne for Brugen af stemplet Papir. Forsaavidt de allerede forinden denne Anordnings Kundgjörelse maatte være udstedte, er den, der har bestridt Udgiften, berettiget til at erholde den godtgjort af Colonialkassen. 

Hvorefter alle Vedkommende sig have at rette.
Gouvernementet for de dansk-vestindiske Öer,
St. Thomas den 24de December 1878.
Under min Haand og Gouvernementets Segl
AUG. GARDE
(L. S.)

(St. Croix Avis, 1. januar 1879)


Til
HERR W. H HEYLIGER.
3die Marts, 1879.
Ved under Dags Dato at overlevere Commissionen en Gjenpart af nogle paa et Möde i Frederiksted den 1ste d. M. vedtagne Resolutioner har De i Forbindelse med flere andre Herrer anmodet om at maatte möde for Commissionen for at udtale Dem angaaende Aarsagerne til det 1 October f. A, stedfundne Oprör m, m. 
Commissionen tillader sig i den Anledning herved at meddele Dem til videre Communication for Medundertegnerne af de ovennævnte Resolutioner, at man, efterat Commissionen har taget sin Bestemmelse med Hensyn til de Personer, hvis Forklaring den har anseet det af Vigtighed for Udförelsen af det den allernaadigst ovordragne Hverv at erholde, saameget mindre findes Anledning til at elterkomme de Herrers Anmodning som der alt er givet en stor Deel af Undertegnerne af de nævnte Resolutioner og navnlig, paa en enkelt Undtagelse nær, samtlige de Herrer Medlemmer af Comiteen, Leilighed til at udtale sig for Commissionen.

(St. Croix Avis, 22. marts 1879)