24 februar 2023

Sankt Croix: Efter Oprøret The Fireburn, Oktober 1878. (Efterskrift til Politivennen)


Fan me, buckra Missy,
Fan me till de break o'day
Me pon me way to Bassend
Me goin' burn all de way


"THE AVIS"
CHRISTIANSTED, ST: CROIX
WEDNESDAY 16th October 1878.

There is nothing now to report as to the state of the island since our last. There are no doubt some runaways still hiding in the bush at Fair Plain and perhaps around Mount Eagle and elsewhere. One was caught a few days since at Cotton Valley, and brought in by Mr. De Leon of Coakley Ray. He accounted for his presence in that neighbourhood by alleging his fondness for whelks, and protested that he was innocent. It was explained to him that there was no objection to his taste for whelks, but that the question of his innocence must be settled before the Policemaster in Bassin, and he was accordingly brought to the fort.

The roads now are everywhere safe, and we are glad to observe are being used for carting out lumber from Bassin to commence rebuilding. Several estates have already engaged carpenters and made a beginning, so that we may hope soon to see some of tho damaged properties again in a position to proceed with sugar-making. It is of the greatest importance that all who are able should restore their works without delay for the crop will begin very early this season, and those who are ready, say by the commencement of the year will be in the best position to take advantage of the heavy crop on the ground. 

His Excellency the Governor under Cate of the 13th issued a circular to the Owners, Administrators, Managers and Overseers of Estates, acknowledging the zeal and perseverance with which they had aided in quelling the late rising, and filing their attention at the same time to the urgent necessity of abstaining from all further use of arms except for the purpose of self defence. His Excellency left in the Steamer Arno for St. Thomas.

(St. Croix Avis, 16. oktober 1878.)


Avisen bragte desuden en meddelse fra CHRISTIANSTED COMMITTEE FOR RELIEF OF SUFFERERS BY THE INSURRRECTION, samt om hvor meget man havde modtaget allerede fra St. Thomas. Støtten var til de hvide plantageejere. Snart udløb detaljer om standrettens henrettelse af 6 fanger: 

During the three days sitting of the Court Martial in West End, the following six prisoners were executed, who had all been foremost among the rioters, and some of them sharers in some of the worst acts of the insurrection:

Thomas Graydon, born in Barbados. Samuel Henry, born in Antigua. Daniel Philip, born in St. Kitts. Robert James, born in St. Croix. John Charles, born in St. Croix. Joseph Harrison, born in Jamaica. The first fivo belonged to the English Church, tho lust to the Roman Catholic Church.
The criminals were ministered to in their last moments and attended at their execution by Rev. Du Buis, Rector of St. Paul's, and Rev. Devos, Roman Catholic Priest in West End.

ARRIVAL OF SOME OF THE ESCAPED RIOTERS IN TORTOLA.
Yesterday morning by the Mail boat from Tortola we learnt that a boat had arrived there with some 17 or 18 persons on board, who gave out that they were British subjects and had escaped from St Croix - out of the riot - and claimed protection. They were arrested by the authorities, lodged in prison, and the President has placed himself in communication with the Governor General at Antigua in order to learn the course which he is to pursue towards them. A private letter dated 7th instant says "Some of the people (rioters) from St. Croix arrived here yesterday (6th), After their arrival a child of one of the women died. Some of the people jumped overboard when the boat was off Ginger Island The mail boat und some other craft have gone out in search of them. They have all been lodged in prison this morning"

We learn to-day that: - 
The Attorney General of Antigua has been instructed by the Governor of Antigua to proceed immediately to Tortola to investigate the arrest on suspicion of eighteen persons, who fled from the riot in St. Croix. Until this functionary arrives at Tortola, the prisoners have been remanded. - St. Thomas Tidende.

(St. Croix Avis, 16. oktober 1878.)



"THE AVIS"
CHRISTIANSTED, ST: CROIX
Saturday 19th October 1878.
Nothing has occured since our last to check the gradual return to calmness which is now taking place among the better case of our population, except one little incident said to have happened on Wednesday. A soldier was bringing in a prisoner to town along the road past the two Princesses, when a gang of labourers left their work and ran to the road. According to their own account they ran to see the prisoner, according to the soldiers they ran to rescue him, and the soldier, perhaps having the Carlton outrage in mind, rode off, releasing the prisoner. This is the story circulated. We do not know how much truth there is in it, or where the truth lies; but, as the labourers in that quarter have not hitherto shown any sign of insubordination, we do not think the incident need cause any alarm.

(St. Croix Avis, 19. oktober 1878.)

Den 21. oktober 1878 blev der givet frit lejde for aflevering af sager som måtte være taget under uroligheder. Den 28. oktober ophævedes standretterne.

Den 24. oktober var nyheden om opstanden nået til Danmark.


Om Urolighederne paa St. Croix har "B. T." modtaget følgende Privatbrev fra St. Thomas, dat. 4de Oktober:

Oprøret paa St. Croix begyndte den 1ste ds. i en "rumshop" (Romudsalg) med angreb paa Politiet. Den flinke Løjt. Ostermand med 20 Mand fra Christiansted fordrev Oprørerne fra det forrige Fort, som nu er Politistation, hvor flere Indvaanere havde taget Tilflugt; det var her, at Løjt. O. mistede 2 Mand. Ildspaasætningen begyndte paa Toldbodbygningen og udbredte sig langt over Byen; iblandt andre Bygninger er dog Apoteket blevet reddet. Negrene flygtede hen imod Plantagen "Work and Kest", hvor Vaaningshuset blev afbrændt. Ved Troppernes Ankomst fra St. Thomas og forksjellige Orlogsmænds Indtræden er Roligheden atter oprettet. Mange Familier ere husvilde. En Del er flygtet til St. Thomas.

(Social-Demokraten 24. oktober 1878).


Urolighederne paa St. Croix.
New York Times af 11. ds. indeholder en ledende Artikel om Opstanden paa St. Croix, i hvilken dens Oprindelse søges i Arbejderspørgsmaalet, saaledes som dette i den senere Tid er optraadt overalt i Amerika, samt i Negrenes Forbitrelse over Indførslen af Maskinkraft i større Omfang. Iøvrigt meddeler Bladet ingen nyere Enkeltheder af Interesse. Det formodes, at mange af de Hvide paa St. Croix er flygtede ombord paa de Skibe, der laa paa Frederiksted Red (deriblandt ogsaa den nordamerikanske Konsul) for at gaa til St. Thomas. Bladet mener, at man maa ønske sig til Lykke med, at Øerne i 1868 ikke bleve definitivt afstaaede til Nordamerika, da de i de senere Aar har været hjemsøgte af en hel Række Ulykker.

(Social-Demokraten, 26. oktober 1878)

Omkring 27. oktober ankom vestindisk post til England med flere meddelelser om St. Croix. Fra den 31. oktober var så endelig de to lokalaviser fra de dansk vestindiske øer ankommet og blev citeret i aviserne.


Social-Demokraten havde nedenstående kommentar til beretningerne fra St. Croix:

Med Hensyn til ovenstaaende Meddelelse maa vi indtrængende gøre vore Læsere opmærksomme paa, at den naturligvis er en aldeles ensidig Skildring af Begivenhederne paa St. Croix. Fra Negrenes Side foreligger ingen Meddelelse og vil vel heller aldrig komme, idet man jo synes at holde mere af at skyde dem ned paa Stedet end at høre deres Forsvarsgrunde. Saa meget skinner dog tydeligt igennem i Beretningen, at Negrene har lidt Uret fra deres Arbejdsgiveres Side, og Oprøret har derfor ogsaa kun været rettet mod disse og ingenlunde direkte mod Rgeringsautoriteterne, hvilket Bevaringen af Fælleskogeriet sikkert bærer Vidne om. Vi skal derfor tillade at opfordre vor Regering herhjemme til at lade foretage en nøjagtig Undersøgelse derovre og forhjælpe de stakkels Negre og de andre Arbejdere til den Ret, de sikkert er bleven foreholdt af deres ubarmhjærtige og pengegridske Arbejdsgivere, de rige Plantageejere.

(Social-Demokraten 1. november 1878)

Illustreret Tidende bragte i 1878 denne formentlig ret fantasifulde illustration over opstanden i 1878.


(for læsbarhedens skyld er der indsat afsnit som ikke er med i den originale artikel)

Oprøret paa St. Croix. Guvernør Gardes Rapport af 8de Oktober findes trykt i "Bert. Tid." for igaar Aftes. Uagtet den ikke indeholder noget væsenlig udover, hvad vi allerede have meddelt i vore Telegrammer og Breve samt efter de vestindiske Blade, tror vi dog at burde aftrykke dette Aktstykke, det kan have en vis historisk Betydning. Rapporten lyder saaledes:

Grunden til, al Finansministeriet ikke tidligere modtog nogen Fortsættelse af den ferske telegrafiske Meddelelse fra Guvernementet af 2den dS. om Oprørets Udbrud i Frederikssted, er dels, at jeg under de hurtig paa hinanden til mig indløbende Meddelelser om Oprørsbandernes Færden og om Brandstiftelsernes Omfang ønskede at afvente et Tidspunkt, da jeg kunde meddele Ministeriet, at et bestemt Resultat var opnaaet ved vort Militairs og de af Plantageejere og Forvaltere dannede Frikorpsets Angreb paa Oprørerne, dels Bevidstheden om, at det i al Fald paa Grund af den store Afstand vilde være umuligt at erholde hjemmefra nogen aktiv Hjælp, forinden Alt maatte være afsluttet her paa den ene eller anden Maade.

Idet jeg forbeholder mig senere at give Finansministeriet saadanne detaillerede Oplysninger, som det ikke nu er muligt at samle, skal jeg derved tjenstligst meddele Følgende om Begivenhedernes Gang siden den 2den ds. Som Ministeriel bekjendt afgik jeg sidstnævnte Dag Kl. 12 ½ fra St. Thomas, medtagende hele den paa St. Thomas værende disponible Styrke, 2 Officerer Premierløitnant Baron Eggers og Sekondløitnant Ditlevsen, 6 Underofficerer og 45 Menige samt Dr. med. E. Pontoppidan som Læge. Ved Afgangen fra St. Thomas var det min Hensigt at begive mig til Frederikssted for snarest muligt at bringe denne By Undsætning, og da jeg paa Grund af de for min afrejse sidst modtagne Telegrammer, der meddelte, at Fortet  Frederikssted blev holdt med Vanskelighed, maatte befrygte, at Fortet vilde være indtaget, og i saa Fald de derværende Embedsmænd og andre Indbyggere i Byen muligen dræbte forinden min Ankomst, medtog jeg tillige fra St. Thomas Politimester Fischer og nogle Politibetjente for eventuelt at besørge Polititjenesten i Frederikssted. Lige forinden min Afrejse fra St. Thomas modtog jeg imidlertid følgende Telegram fra Præsidenten paa St. Croix: "En tidlig imorges (fra Kristianssted) udsendt Betjent melder, at han ved "Adventure" traf paa støjende Hobe, hvis Adfærd bevægede ham og en Ledsager til at vende om. Endnu Kl. 11 ingen senere Meddelelse fra Frederikssted end efter privat Meddelelse, at Fortet er nedbrændt. Planter Fontaine er dræbt. Det brænder paa Plantageriet i Omegnen af Frederikssted. Vi træffe alle Forberedelser til at forsvare denne Del af Landet, men det er tvivlsomt, om det vil lykkes uden Hjælp andetstedsfra."
Den i dette Telegram udtalte Frygt for, at Kristianssted ikke skulde kunne holdes, bevægede mig til først at gaa dertil, og jeg bestyrkedes i denne Beslutning ved paa Overreisen at se stærke Ildebrande paa mange forskjellige Steder over hele Terrænet vest for Kingshill, saaledes at jeg kun nærede ringe Haab om at kunne komme tidsnok for at frelse den vestlige Del af Øen.

Fortet i Frederiksted. Uden årstal. Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Creative Common 3.0.

Kl. 6 om Eftermiddagen den 2den dS. ankom jeg til Kristianssted og erfarede da, at Løitnant H. Ostermann med en kjørende Kommando paa 20 Mand havde undsat Frederikssteds Fort. Løitnant Ostermann havde nemlig forladt Kristianssted om Natten mellem den 1ste og 2den dS. og var ankommen til Frederikssted Kl. 5 ½. om morgenen den 2den; han var uden Modstand rykket ind i Fortet og havde derpaa renset Byens Gader for Oprørerne. Ved min Ankomst til Kristianssted erklærede jeg straks byen i Beleiringstilstand. 

Kl. 9 om Aftenen afsendte jeg Premierløitnant Eggers ad Nordsidevejen fra Kristiansted for at forene sig med en Kommando, der under Anførsel af den tidligere ved Hærstyrken tjenstgjørende Officer, Løitnant Waage, ad  den saakaldte Centerlinievej var rykket frem til Kingshill. Begge disse Detachementer maatte imidlertid samme Nat trække sig tilbage, som den regnfulde og mørke Nat i Forbindelse med de nu allerede høie Sukkermarker forhindrede dem fra at se, hvilke Bevægelser der foregik omkring dem, og de havde bestemte Ordrer til under ingen Omstændighed at maatte lade sig afskære fra Kristiansted. 

Kl. 4 om Morgenen den 3die dS. var saaledes hele Troppestyrken samlet i Kristianssted. Jeg efterlod Kaptajn Baron Rosenkrans med 25 Mand og et Korps af Frivillige paa cirka 70 Mand til Sikring af Kristiansted og afgik Kl. 9 om Morgenen den 3die med en Styrke paa 45 Mand Soldater under Premierløjtnant. Baron Eggers og Sekondløitnant Ditlevsen samt et i al Hast dannet Frikorps af Plantere og Forvaltere paa cirka 50 Mand for saa vidt mulig at stanse Mordbrændernes Fremtrængen mod Øst og derhos bringe yderligere hjælp til Frederikssted. Jeg lagde Vejen ad Centerlinjen og traf den første Skare af Oprørerne ved Plantagen Annes Hope, hvis Antændelse Militærets Ankomst netop forhindrede; der blev her nedskudt en Del af Oprørerne og nogle fangedes, men da de adspredte sig og skjulte sig i Sukkermarkerne, var det umuligt at forfølge dem videre. 

Om Aftenen den 2den havde Oprørerne forladt Centerlinien og vare dragne over imod Nordsideveien formodentlig paa Grund af Løitnant Waages Nærværelse paa Kingshill. Deres Fremtrængen ad Nordsideveien, stansedes imidlertid ved Morningstar paa Grund af det Detachement, der under Baron Eggers var ved Montpellier, og de gik derfor om morgenen tilbage til Centerlinien, hvor de afbrændte Plantagerne Barrenspot, Diamond & Ruby, Fredensborg, Peters Rest og Work and Rest. Meldingerne om Antændelserne af de sidstnævnte Plantager bestemte mig til at følge Centerlinien, da jeg maatte antage, at Oprørerne vare iværk der. Fra Annas Hope gik jeg over Work and Rest og Peters Rest, hvor Vaaningshusene vare nedbrændte tidlig om Morgenen den 3die. Styrken passerede Kingshill, der da var urørt, men næppe en time efter at Styrken var passeret, antændtes dette Sted, ligesom mange Ildebrande nu saas i Landet Nord for Centerlinien, alt som Styrken nærmede sig Frederikssted. Paa Landevejene udenfor Plantagen Carlton laa Ligene af to Soldater, der vare efterladt ved de Vogne, der førte Løitnant Ostermanns Detachement til Frederikssted, i en afskyelig lemlæstet Tilstand, men Styrken overraskede her en Skare Oprørere, der netop havde antændt Plantagen; et større Antal af Oprørerne bleve nedskudt, og Resten tog ilsomt Flugten. 

Kl. 2 om Eftermiddagen ankom Styrken til Frederikssted og modtoges med Jubel af de betrængte Indvaanere saavel Blanke som Farvede. Byen frembød et sørgeligt Syn, omtrent en Tredjedel af Husene, deriblandt Toldbodbygningen er nedbrændt, men med Hensyn til Værdien repræsenterer Antallet af de brændte Huse Halvdelen af den samlede værdi af husene i Byen. 

Arbejderboliger på plantagen Annaly. Uden Årstal. Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Materialet er muligvis beskyttet af ophavsret.

Kl. 6 om Eftermiddagen den 3die ankom Dampskibet Arno med Provisioner og Ammunition til Frederikssted, men disse bleve ilandbragte saa sent, at jeg maatte opgive min oprindelige Plan, at vende tilbage samme Aften til Kristianssted for yderligere at sikre denne By. I Frederikssted efterlod jeg en Forstærkning paa 15 Mand under Kommando af Løitnant Ostermann og gik med Resten af Militærstyrken ombord i "Arno". Om Natten bemærkede jeg fra "Arno", at Plantagerne "Punch", "Annaly" og "Two Friends" vare i Brand. 

Næste Dag, den 4de, om Morgenen afgik jeg med "Arno" til Kristianssted, hvor Dampskibet "Desirado". tilhørende det franske Companie génerale transatlantique, imidlertid var ankommet for at overføre Kvinder og Børn til St. Thomas; de af disse, der allerede vare ombord i "Arno", bleve satte ombord i "Desirado", der da afgik til Frederikssted for at afhente flere Flygtninge derfra til St. Thomas. Den 4de d. S. forblev styrken i Kristianssted for at holde Hvil. men saavel denne Dag som den foregaaende Dag foretog Frikorps af Plantere og Forvaltere med Viceguvernørens Tilladelse Patruilleringer gjennem Øen for at opbringe Mordbrændere. Den 4de meldtes det, at nogle af Oprørerne vare undvegne i Fiskerbaade fra Øens Sydside; "Arno" gik ud for at opsøge dem, men maatte vende tilbage uden at have set dem. Ifølge en den 8de ds. fra St. Thomas modtagen Meddelelse fra Guvernement-Sekretæren ere de Paagjældende, 18 i Tallet, landede paa Tortola. hvor de ere arresterede, og der føres nu Underhandling om deres Udlevering. 

Den 4de ankom endvidere den franske Orlogsmand "Labourdonnais", Fregatkaptain H. Mayet, der samme Dag afgik til Frederikssted, men vendte tilbage til Kristianssted den 5te med Brev til mig fra Kaptain Dennistown af den engelske Dampkorvet "Tourmaline", der var ankret ved Frederikssted; saa vel den franske som den engelske Chef tilbød Guvernementet Assistance fra deres Skibe til Ordenens Gjenoprettelse, men da der efter Expeditionen til Frederikssted den 3die og Frikorpsernes kraftige Optræden i Landet allerede siden den 5te er udbredt Skræk blandt Oprørerne, har jeg hidtil ikke benyttet mig af disse Tilbud. Tilbud om Hjælp har Guvernementet endvidere modtaget fra General-Kaptainen paa Portoriko, der pr. Telegram meddelte, at han, om jeg ønskede det, kunde sende 300 Mand med 2 Bjerghaubitser. 

Den 6te dS. foretoges en større Udrykning af Militæret fra Kristianssted ad Nordsidevejen og tilbage ad Centerlinien; den 7. ds. afsendtes en mindre Deling Militær til Rust up Twist og La Ballee, og den 8. foretoges en kombineret Bevægelse fra Frederikssted og Kristianssted til Nordvest-Høilandet for at rense dette. Ved disse Expeditioner er der indbragt forskjellige Fanger, hvis Antal i det Hele kan antages at være 200 i begge Byer.

Den 5. ds. udstedte jeg en Proklamation til Arbeiderne, der befaler dem at forblive paa de Plantager, hvor de høre hjemme, og at vende tilbage hertil, hvis de havde forladt dem, og under samme Dato har jeg nedsat en Standret til Forfølgning og Paakjendelse af de af Oprørerne begaaede Forbrydelser; denne Ret begyndte sin Virksomhed den 7. dS. 

Medens jeg saaledes antager Mordbrænder-Oprøret standset for Øieblikket, uden at det har været nødvendigt at modtage saa vel den fra General-Kaptainen paa Portoriko som fra de herværende fremmede Orlogsmænd tilbudte aktive militære Hjælp, er det selvfølgelig nødvendigt vedvarende at vaage og være parat til at møde en Gjentagelse, saa længe man ei har faaet fat i de nu opløste Banders omstrejfende Hovedledere, og saa længe det daglige Arbeide paa samtlige Plantager endnu ei er i vant Gang; paa adskillige Plantager i Kristianssteds Omegn er dette Tilfældet, men i det nordvestlige Høiland have Plantere og Forvaltere endnu ei vovet at vise sig paa Plantagerne. 

Kingshill. Uden Årstal. Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Materialet er muligvis beskyttet af ophavsret.

Det er uvist, om Oprøret skyldes en forud lagt bestemt Plan, eller om det ikkun er Følgen af en øieblikkelig opbrusende ond Stemning; for den sidste Opfattelse taler den Omstændighed, at ingen, hverken Blanke eller velsindede og loyale Farvede have havt mindste Anelse om Faren forend dens Udbrud. Det synes vist, at det er mindre Bander, der hurtigt ere voksede i Antal - det antages, at der til Slutning var 7 a 8 forskjellige Bander - , som under forskjellige Førere droge om fra Plantage til Plantage og under Tilraabet "Our Side" bevægede Arbejderbefolkningen, hyppig ved Tvang, til at stifte Brand. Selve Brandstiftelsen er bleven foretaget med en forbavsende Hurtighed og Færdighed ved Hjælp af Petroleum og Rom, der i Fade nedlagdes i Bygningernes Kjælderrum. Fruentimmer og Børn deltoge virksomt deri. Forinden Brandstiftelsen varsledes Eiere og Forvaltere om, at de maatte forlade Plantagen, hvis de ikke vilde udsætte sig for at miste Livet; for saa vidt de ikke gjorde dette, have de maattet redde sig ind i Sukkermarker eller Buske, og flere have saaledes været Vidner til Ødelæggelsen og de dermed forbundne vilde Optrin. Ingen Negerby er brændt, intet Arbeidsdyr lemlæstet; som Regel ere afbrændte Eiendommenes Værker, Hovedbygninger og Forvalterbolig; enkelte Steder ere Værkerne sparede, og i det Hele taget antoges disse at kunne repareres for en forholdsvis mindre Udgift.
Det er umuligt endnu at angive Størrelsen af det lidte Tab. Mange Plantager havde temmelig betydelige Kvantiteter færdigt Produkt baade af Sukker. Rom og Mallas liggende paa Grund af de nuværende lave Priser. Det antages foreløbig, at der ved disse Produkters Brand er tabt ca. 150,000 Dollars. Tabet i Bygningsværdi anslaar jeg til 4000 Dollars pr. Plantage for de ødelagte Værkers Vedkommende, altsaa uden Hensyn til de tabte Vaaningshuse. Staden Frederiksted har lidt meget betydelig. Foruden de ikke ubetydelige Varelagre i de langs Stranden beliggende og helt udbrændte Butiker og Pakhuse, anslaas Tabet i Bygningsværdi til rigelig Halvdelen af Værdien af Byens samtlige Eiendvmme. I Omfang er omtrent en Trediedel af Byen totalt nedbrændt. Mange Mennesker staa derved ikke alene husvilde, men have mistet alt, baade Ejendele og Erhverv.

For det Offenliges Vedkommende indskrænker Tabet sig til Toldbygningen i Frederiksted med en Kassebeholdning af ca. 1000 Dollars, samt de fleste Bygninger paa Stationen paa Kingshill. Fællessukkerkogeriet er bjerget; derimod Stationen Glynn samt Portnerboligen ved Peters Rest Station tildels brændte; navnlig har Stationen Glynn lidt.

Jeg har set mange Sukkerstykker, som have været antændte, dog tror jeg, at Branden i disse væsenlig er bleven indskrænket til Yderkanterne, hvorimod hele Sukkerstykker kun undtagelsesvis ere afbrændte. Saasnart Ro atter er fuldstændig oprettet, vil der blive foretaget nøiagtige Undersøgelser til Vurdering af de lidte Tab.

Jeg vedlægger en Fortegnelse, der, saavidt man i Øieblikket er i Stand dertil, angiver, hvilke Plantager der ere brændte og hvilke der ere reddede. 

Sluttelig skal jeg bemærke, at Aarsagen til Bevægelsen og Utilfredsheden mellem de Landarbejdere, der den 1. ds. i Løbet af Dagen samledes i Frederikssted, og som om Eftermiddagen samme Dag begyndte at forøve Brandstiftelserne i Byen og angreb Fortet, maa søges deri, at de ved Oktober Skiftetid ikke ønskede paany at paatage sig Aarskontrakter og forlangte en høiere Løn, saaledes som dette alt findes antydet i Frederikssteds Politimesters første Indberetning til Præsidentskabet.

Den ovennævnte Planter Fontaine er den eneste blanke Mand, der er bleven dræbt under Oprøret (foruden de tvende Soldater).

(Nationaltidende, 31. oktober 1878)

Standretten blev ophævet den 28. oktober:


JANUS AUGUST GARDE
Gouverneur for de danske vestindiske Öer,
Kammerherre,
Commandeur af Danebrog og Danebrogsmand

GJÖR VITTERLIGT : Da det Oprör der den d. 5te ds. endnu herskede paa Öen St. Croix og da nödvendiggjorde Nedsættelsen af en overordentlig Standret til forfölgning og Paakjendelse af de i og under Opröret af Oprörerne, Urostifterne og alle Deeltagere i Opröret og sammes Ödelæggelser begaaede Forbrydeiser nu er saavidt dæmpet, at Forudsætningerne for Standrettens Oprettelse ikke længere ere tilstede, har jeg D.D. ophævet bemeldte Standret.
Da imidlertid den videre Behandling af de fra Opröret opstaaende Sager efter deres Beskaffenhed og Omfang som henhörende under forskjellige Jurisdiktioner ikke hensigtsmæssig vil kunne skee ved de almindelige Retter, men maa foretages ved en extraordinair Ret, saa har jeg i Kraft af den mig i saa henseende ved Hans Majestæt Kongens Allerhöieste Resolution af 25de ds. tillagte bemyndigelse udnævnt ligesom jeg herved udnævner Efternævnte:
Overdommer ved den Kongelige vestindiske Landsoverret Justitsraad Ph. P. Rosenstand,
Underdommer i Frederiksteds Jurisdiction Justitsraad C. Sarauw, og Politimester Justitsraad A. Forsberg, Ridder af Danebrog og Danebrogsmand, til at sammentræde i en Commission for at undersöge og paakjende de Sager, der reise sig af og angaae Forbrydelser, der, som ovenmeldt, ere begaaede i og under det nu stedfundne Oprör af Oprörerne, Urostifterne og alle Deeltagere i Opröret og sammes Ödelæggelser; og skulle Commissionens Behandling, Kjendelser og Domme være underkastede Appel umiddelbart til Höiesteret.

Commisionen skal være bemyndiget til at sætte og holde Ret i enhver af Öen St. Croix to Jurisdiktioner og paa ethvert Sted paa denne Ö, hvor den maatte finde Anledning dertil, og skal Enhver, som den maatte fremkalde for at afgive Forklaring og som opholder sig
paa denno Ö, være forpligtet til efter lndkaldelse sine exceptione fori at möde for den.
Saa skal og Enhver af Commissairerne være bemyndiget til at optage Forhör i de andre Commissairers Forfald, hvortil ogsaa hörer, naar disse, enkeltviis eller i forening, ere beskjaeftigede med andre Undersögelser, dog at der, naar alene en enkelt Commissair beklæder Retten, skal være tilstede tvende lovfaste Vidner, af hvilke det ene kan være den Skriver, som Commissionen skal være bemyndiget til at antage til at före Protokollen.

Gouvernementet for de dansk vestindiske Öer p. t. St. Croix den 28de October 1878.
Under min Haand og Gouvernementets Segl
AUG. GARDE
(L. S.)

(St. Croix Avis, 2. november 1878)

Med nummeret fra 6. november oplystes at der var en indsamling i gang til fordel for plantageejerne, og at denne allerede havde indsamlet 20.000 dollars. 


Fort Frederiksted. Foto 2 november, 2015: Prayitno. Licens: CCAttribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0)

23 februar 2023

Sankt Croix: Oprør 2.-3. oktober 1878. (Efterskrift til Politivennen).

Plantagearbejderne på de dansk vestindiske øer kunne en gang om året skifte arbejde, de var ansat på årskontrakter,  hvert år 1. oktober. Den dag var normalt flere tusinde farvede plantagearbejdere forsamlet i Frederiksted (3.500 indb.) og Christiansted (5.000 indb.). Her kunne de træffe slægtninge og feste.

Skiftedagen den 1. oktober 1878 var mange af St. Croix’ arbejdere samlet i Frederiksted. Der blevet både festet og drukket. Efter noget tumult i gaden satte politiet hårdt ind og sendte bl.a. en landarbejder ved navn Henry Trotman på hospitalet. Tumulten fortsatte dog i gaderne, og det rygtedes, at Henry Trotman var afgået ved døden efter politiets hårde behandling. Herefter eskalerede utilfredsheden. Det var han dog ikke, men politi og militær blev nødt til at trække sig tilbage til fortet i Frederiksted væk fra den vrede menneskemængde. Arbejderne begyndte at storme fortet, men det lykkedes dem ikke at trænge ind. Der blev sendt en rytter af sted mod byen Christiansted i den anden ende af St. Croix for at alarmere kolonimagten og bede om assistance. Ud på natten blev mange huse i Frederiksted sat i brand og butikker plyndret.

Specielt tre kvinder, som deltog i Fireburn, er i Vestindien i dag et vigtigt symbol på deres modstand mod kolonimagten. Kvinderne er kendt som Queen Mary, Queen Agnes og Queen Mathilda. De blev alle anholdt sammen med en fjerde kvinde, Susanna Abrahamson / Bottom Belly, og endte bl.a. med at afsone dele af deres straf, først i København i kvindefængslet på Christianshavn i 1880’erne, senere til deres død på St. Croix.

Politimesteren (Petersen) og 5 betjente forskansede sig i Fort Frederik ved havnen sammen med andre hvide og skød mod folkemængden. Plantageejeren G. Fontaine blev ramt af kasteskyts og døde senere. 

Nyheden nåede til Christiansted om natten, og løjtnant Ostermann blev sendt afsted med 20 mand, skød mod oprørerne, men kunne ikke forhindre at 2/3 af byen stod i flammer: "The Fireburn". St. Croix Avis fra 2. oktober ikke havde andet end en kortfattet notits om uroligheder, men på St. Thomas var man underrettet:


Rising in St. Croix!
MANY citizens were alarmed last night by what seemed to them the destruction, by fire, of some unfortunate vessel to the S. W. of our harbour and awaited the morrow with anxiety to learn the painful facts connected with the disaster. In this we were agreeable disappointed, but the appalling news which next revealed itself to us was that the town of Frederikssted, Santa Cruz was partly burned down and that the time expired labourers had organized a rising which it was feared, would spread over the Island. As a natural consequence alarm was rife among our community, composed as it is of so many who ate, and who sympathise, with Cruxiants, we became apprehensive and endeavoured to obtain information from every quarter. Preparations were made by Government for the dispatch of some of the military and at 12 o'clock about 50 soldiers, under the command of Lieutenant Baron von Eggers, embarked from the Pier and were taken on board the Royal Mail Steamer "Arno" placed at the disposal of Government by the General Superintendent of the R. M. S. P. Co. His Excellency Governor Garde and several officials and and other gentlemen also took passage in the "Arno" which Steamer started at 1 o'clok, p.m.

The Agents of the General Transatlantic Company and Herrera Line of Steamers, we understand, showed the same courtesy.

Several persons here, to-day, telegraphed for information, and the following was received: -
"Insurrection and fire in West End; many lives lost";

"Many prominent citizens bodily injured; from Mount Pleasant, below Kings Hill, to Carlton on fire";

"Things very bad, sooner help comes the better. Marching on Bassin";

"Reported negroes coming to Bassin. Preparing to receive them";

"Threatening; we are marching under arms."

The following telegram was received, at noon, by Government "Oestermann has cleared Frederiksted." We understand that the French Vice Consul has telegraphed to the French Islands for help and that Her Britannic Majesty's Consul has requested the presence of man-of-war.

Such are the painful details at hand, and much do we regret the state of things in our unfortunate Sister Island. Until we get detailed particulars we cannot say more but hope that the pacification of the disturbance will embrace our next.

LATER.
The Danish schooner "Petrel" arrived here this afternoon and was boarded beyond the "Scorpion Buoy" by our reporter who learnt that the rising commenced at noon yesterday and the fire at 6 p. m. "Bay Street" and the street next to it have been entirely destroyed. The Policemen were rempelled to shut themselves in the Fort. A gentleman from Fredericksted is of the opinion that 25 armed military would have been quite enough to quell the rioters. We are sorry to learn the deaths of Messr. Skooch, MacFarlane, and Fontaine. The "Petrel" left Fredericksted at 4 a. m. today. The barque "Carib" has also arrived,bringing many passengers, among them Mr. John Moore, who we learn is badly burnt. The "Carib" will return to-night. we are also informed that the "Arno" arrived safely. Up to the hour of our going to press everything appears to be quiet at Christiansted.

The"Desirade", at the request of the Government, will leave for Basin at midnight.

(St. Thomas Times (formerly St. Thomæ Tidende), 2. oktober 1878)

Efter 1862 havde St. Thomas og St. Jan ingen særlig kommandant, men guvernøren hvis hovedsæde var Christiansted 1862-1871 og fra da af St. Thomas, havde alle tre øer under sig. Han opholdt sig vinterhalvåret på St. Thomas og sommerhalvåret på St. Croix. 1876-1881 var marinekaptajn Janus August Garde guvernør


Bekjendtgjörelse.
UNDER de paa St. Croix nu stedfindende tumultariske Optrin erklærer jeg undertegnede Gouverneur, i Henhold til Coloniallovens 12, Öen i BELEIRINGSTILSTAND. Som Følge heraf opfordres enhver god Borger til at stötte den lovlige Magt og strax at melde sig hos Præsidenten i Byen Christiansted eller hos Politimesteren i Byen Frederiksted. Enhver der antræffes med Vaaben i Haand for at gjöre Modstand mod den lovlige Magt, udsætter sig for at blive nedskudt paa Stedet. Paa Gader og offentlige Pladser man ingen Forsamlinger finde Sted paa mere end 3 Personer, 

Gouvernementet for de Dansk Vestindiske Öer, p. t. Christiansted, St. Croix den 2den October 1878
AUG. GARDE.

Bekjendtgjörelse.
EFTERAT Oprörsbanderne for störste Delen nu ere blevne adsplittede ved Vaabenmagt, befales herved som fölger:

Alle Landarbeidere have at holde sig paa de Plantager, hvor de höre tjenere. De som have taget Ophold i og forstukket sig i Sukkermarkerne eller i "the bush" ville have at vende hjem til deres Boliger, da de, naar de antræffes i Skjul, udsætte sig for at ansees og behandles som Deeltagere i Opröret. Saadanne som i lovligt Ærende maatte have at begive sig fra deres Hjem, ville have at forsyne sig med en Fölgeseddel eller et Pas fra deres Foresatte, da de ellers ville blive anholdte og fængslede indtil de gjöre Rede for sig.

Gouvernementet for de dansk vestindiske Öer p. t. St. Croix den 5te October 1878
AUG. GARDE.

Arbejderboliger på St. Croix. Årstal ikke angivet. Postkort. Det Kongelige Bibliotek.

JANUS AUGUST GARDE
Commandeur af Dannebrog og Dannebrogemand, Kammerherre, Governeur over de Dansk Vestindiske Öer.

GJÖR VITTERLIGT: Efterat jeg den 2den dennes har maattet erklære Öen St. Croix i Belejringstilstand, som Fölge af det Dagen forinden udbrudte Oprör, hvilket fremdeles er fortsat med Ödelæggelser navnlig ved Ildspaasettelser, Mordbrand og Plyndring, og da det, baade paa Grund af Mængden af de Personer der bestandig indbringes som grebne i eller mistænkte tor Deeltagelse i Oprøret, og for Exemplets Skyld ikke er gjörligt at lade de begaaede Forbrydelser forfölge gjennem sædvanlig Rettegang, saa har jeg, i Kraft af den mig under disse Forholdt i Henhold fil Coloniallovens 12 tilkommende uindskrænkede Myndighed, besluttet at forordne og nedsætte en overordentlig .Standret til Forfölgning og Paakjendelse af de i og under Opröret af Oprörerne, Urostifterne og alle Deeltagere i Opröret og sammes Ödelæggelser, begaaede Forbrydelser. 

Thi forordner og nedsæter jeg bemeldte Standret, der, eftersom Forholdene udkræve det, vil være at holde enten i Christiansted eller Frederiksted eller hvorsomhelst ellers her paa Öen Retten maatte vælge, som fölger :

Hr. Overdommer Justitsraad Ph. P. ROSENSTAND som Præses; 
Hr. Justitsraad, Politimesfer A. FORSBERG R. D. og D. M.; 

samt Politimesteren i Christiansteds Jurisdiction eller Politimesteren i Frederiksteds Jurisdiction, eftersom Retten holdes i den ene eller den anden af disse Jurisdiktioner.

Standretten skal kun være bunden ved saadanne processuelle Former og Regler, som i ethvert Tilfælde ere fornödne for at give Dommerne saadan Overbeviisning om de Paagjældendes Strafskyld, at de for GUD og deres Samvittighed kunne forsvare derpaa at grunde Dommen.
Standretten idömmer ingen anden Straf end Livsstraf. Naar nogen Sigtet findes ikke at burde ansees med denne Straf, forbeholdes Sagen til anden Undersögelse, Forfölgning og Paakjendelse.

Governementet for de Dansk Vestindiske Öer p. t. St. Croix den 5te October 1878
Aug. Garde

Guvernørhuset i Christiansted. Årstal ikke angivet. Det Kongelige Bibliotek.

"THE AVIS"
CHRISTIANSTED, ST. CROIX

Saturday, 5th October 1878.

It is our painful duly to record a calamity never hitherto equalled in severity by any that have befallen this island.

On the 1st of October the annual contracts with the labourers for the most part expire, and there is generally some excitement in the two towns caused by the presence of labourers seeking new contracts or intending to leave the island. The excitement last Tuesday was unusually high, but the day passed off peacefully in Christiansted. Not so in Frederiksted, where a contest with the police arose, and assumed such a formidable aspect that the local authorities were compelled to retire to the fort, which they had to defend through an anxious night from the attacks of an infuriated mob. In the mean time the town was fired, and a large portion of it including the Custom House, Bay Street where the principal stores were situated, an i the street to the back of it were burnt to the ground. Mr. Fontaine, planter, was murdered by the mob, und nine of the rioters were shot while attacking the fort. The Policemaster having sent for aid, a detachment of soldiers, 27 in number, under Lieutenant Ostermann was sent down about two o'clock in the morning. On reaching Frederiksted they were able to clear the town, but we regret to record that two of the men, having been left at Carlton Estate to guard a cart, were set upon and brutally murdered by the rioter. During the course of Wednesday morning the terrible news reached us that the rioters, driven from Frederiksted, were marching up the country burning the estates as they came. This diabolical work continued without cease till Friday, on which day several estates on the north side were burnt. Christiansted has been well guarded by soldiers and armed citizens. The planters, who have all been compelled to fly for their lives, have been armed to patrol the country. Yet the anxiety and confusion among the peaceable population has been fearful. Business has been entirely suspended and only partially resumed in Christiansted today.

Markedspladsen i Frederiksted. Årstal ikke angivet. Det kongelige Bibliotek.

Governor Garde with troops from St. Thomas arrived on Wednesday evening in R. M. S. Arno and passed through the island on Thursday. During this journey the rioters were attacked at Anna's Hope, Work & Rest, and Carlton. At the last named place they made a show of resistance, and many were shot. We understand that about thirty of them in all were shot at the different places named. Besides the troops from St. Thomas who have had foreign aid in the presence of the French war steamer La Bourdonnaise the English steamer Tourmaline and the French steamer Desirade, which last named vessel carried a considerable number of ladies and children to St. Thomas. The riots may now be considered to be quelled, but we are full of anxiety for the future. With about twothirds of the work and residences destroyed it is difficult to see how an already impoverished colony can possibly survive the disaster. We do not however give up all hope. The island has survived a succession of dry seasons severe enough, it might have been thought, to have ruined any colony, und it may survive this new calamity; but at the present moment the position seems almost hopeless.

It is too early to discuss the causes or consequences. The feeling aroused is too intense to make it worth while to touch on subjects that require to lie considered with calmness. What is now wanted is to get the people to work again as soon as possible. We would use what little influence we may have in trying to persuade to calm and practical views of the situation. Let all genera! denunciation be put aside, all wholesale condemnation, all idea of indiscriminate revenge. The terrible personal sufferings and looses of many will for the present make the future appear very dark; but it is still not impossible for the island to flourish again if the whole of the facts are faced and wise measures taken.

(St. Croix Avis, 5. oktober 1878)


ST. CROIX.
St. Croix, 5th October 3 p. m. No fresh disturbances or files reported since last night. The rioters have now taken to the bush and many prisoners continue to be brought in. Several of the ringleaders have been captured. The road from Bassin to Fredriksted is now open and confidence is being generally restored. The French man-of-war "Labourdonnais" on seeing a fresh outbreak of the fire left Bassin hurriedly last night and returned there this afternoon. H. M. S. "Tourmaline" arrived at Frederiksted yesterday afternoon and will remain there for the present.

THE RIOT OF ST CROIX.
(From the St. Thomas Lloyds, 3rd instant.)
THE all-absorbing topic which is just now engrossing public attention is connected with the above subject. Since our issue of last evening various reports have been in circulation, and much uneasiness felt for the safety of St. Croix. The French steamer "Desirade" did not leave, as was reported, owing to some slight defect in her machinery, She however left today at 1 o'clock. 
The following telegram was received by us to-day.

"Rioters reached Anna's Hope. Soldiers and Volunteers gone meet them. Twenty estates burnt. All well, Bassin as yet."

The latest official information received to day, and placed at our disposal, we are happy to state, is of a very agreeable nature, and we take much pleasants in giving it early publicity. The telegram reads: -

"Rioters defeated at Anna's Hope; Great slaughter of rioters who are in full flight; several prisoners taken."

(4th instant)
As the public is continually on the look out for information concerning the state of affairs connected with the late riot in St. Croix, we have made arrangements to obtain the latest particulars and, such as they are, we will give them publicity immediately of their receipt. The telegrams received this morning state:

"Bassin still safe; Numbers shot; rebels cowed."

The following came to hand at 14 o'clock:
"Governor arrived in Arno from West End. Twenty prisoners. About fifty rioters killed yesterday. Road cleared. Bassin quiet. Desirade for West End thence St. Thomas refugees.

Later.
We have received the following
"French Man-of-War making for Basin."

Her Britannic Majesty's War stmr. Tourmaline, left Barbados, on the 2nd at 2 p. m. and musts, ere this, have arrived at Frederiksted.

(To-day's Lloyds.)

We have received the following telegrams from Bassin Correspondent at 11 o'clock:
Principal ringleaders caught. Rumoured executions commence to-morrow. Quiet in Bassin. Insurgents in South Side. The British steamer Tourmaline in West End."

[One of the above ringleaders is said to be a descendant of Bourdeaux, of 1848 repute. - Ed. S. Ths. Times.]

GRAPHIC DETAILS OF THE RIOT IN ST CROIX.
Through the courtesy of the French Consul our representative was admitted among the few passengers who left here on Thursday last for St. Croix in the Steamer "Desirade."
The following notes have been collected hurriedly by him from trustworthy sources during his short stay at Christiansted and Frederiksted: -

The Rioters at 5:1 o'clock, on the 1st instant, entered the town of Frederiksted and marched to the Fort armed with stoues and cutlasses and attempted to gain entrance therein. On the approach of the rioters, the police who were in the Fort, fired black cartridges at them to make them disperse, but the efforts of the Police were futile and they then had to close the gates of the Fort. The rioters then went across to Robert Flynn's rum shop and set it on fire, and from thence commenced their diabolical work of ruin and rapine. Fire succeeded fire until the greater part of the town was in flames. Satisfied so far with their orgie, as regarded the town, the rioters started for the country, setting fir to the cane pieces, works, and houses, dealing destruction right and left, leaving a fiery track behind them to mark their fiendish course. As soon at the town population got over their first supor, the armed themselves with every article capable of dealing death. Patrols were formed and many drunken rioters were taken prisoners. A courier was despatched immediately to Christiansted stating their predicament and asking for immediate assistance. Lieutenant Oestermann was dispatched in the morning with the small farce that could be spared - 25 men - in a large trash cart. At Carlton two soldiers were left in care of the waggon and the detachment proceeded on its way on foot. The ronds were cleared of the rioters by the soldiers, and about ten o'clock they arrived at Frederiksted. On entering the town, martial law was read from the drum-head forbidding any three persons tto stand talking together. On the arrival of His Excellence Governor Garde, in Christiansted, he proclaimed martial law and had posters stuck up to that effect. A detachment of soldiers and volunteers, under the Command of His excellency, which left Christiansted on the 3rd for Fredericksted, killed about fifty rioters on its way. They met no opposition until they reached Anna's Hope, where a slight barricade was made and resistance attempted, but the rioters were dispersed with the first volley. The volunteers and soldiers returned in the steamer "Arno" to Christiansted yesterday and landed about 9:39 a. m. The steamer "Desirade" received all the refugees that were on board the "Arno" and sent three of her boats ashore to get ammunitions, bedding &c., for the soldiers in Fredericksted, to which place she proceeded at 2 o'clock. As the "Desirade" was leaving Christiansted, she sighted the French War Steamer "Labourdonnais" making for the port, and noticed while in sight, that she had anchored off the harbour. At about 7 o'clock the "Labourdonnais" was perceived entering the roadstead of Fredricksted, where she was ordered by His excellence to protect the town for the night. The british man-of-war "Tourmaline" was in Fredericksted when the "Desirade" arrived.
The two soldiers left with the cart at Carlton were found with their ears cut off and skulls fractured; they were burried yesterday afternoon.

During the burial, a boy flung a brick at one of the soldiers, striking him in the head; he was immediately arrested by a policeman, but he gave battle, and every one clamoured for his blood, - how it terminated nothing is known, as the boat of the Desirade left the shore at the moment.
The "Desirade" left Fredriksted at 8:30 p m. yesterday with about 100 refugees, principally women and children, for this place arriving here at 12:30. We are happy to state that besides the two unfortunate soldiers and Mr. fontaine no other life was lost.

All the young men of Christiansted and Fredericksted capable of bearing arms were called on by the Governor in his publication of the Martial law, and they responded heartily to the call. The town of Bassin is well fortified, field pieces and guards being posted at the principal entrances and patrols kept up all night. The presence of the men-of-war is sufficient protection for West End. It is supposed that operations will commence to-day in order to scout the country until all rioters are apprehended. For this purpose, the two men-of-war would be left in charge of the two soldiers and volunteers would take the field.

With the execution of rioters taken in the act of resisting the troops or of setting fire to property no one has been shot, all those made prisoners will be judged and sentenced in accordance with law.

Per schr. "Vigilant"
P. S. - later news received from St. Croix states that all prisoners taken in Frederiksted were shot.
French man-of-war arrived off Christiansted as "Vigilant" was leaving.

The principal ringleader John Lonis was brought into town by the volunteers. Between seventy and eighty rioters have up to present been shot.

(St. Thomas Times (formerly St. Thomæ Tidende), 5. oktober 1878)


Plantagen Work & Rest på St. Croix, Jacob Anton Weng (1864-1905). Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Muligvis beskyttet af ophavsret.

Den 2. oktober ankom omkring 200 arbejdere til plantagen Charlton udenfor Frederiksted. To menige som løjtnant Ostermann havde udstationeret der, blev overmandet og dræbt. Oprørerne bevægede sig nu rundt til andre plantager på øen. 

Sidst på eftermiddagen ankom generalguvernør Janus August Garde med dampskib fra Sankt Croix med 2 løjtnanter, 6 underofficerer og 45 menige soldater (fortrinsvis hvervede tjenestekarle fra Danmark). 

3. oktober fortsatte oprørerne, en del af mængden anført af "Queen Mary", den omkring 40-årige Mary Thomas. De nærmede sig Christiansted hvor guvernørens tropper på 25 soldater, 70 bevæbnede borgere ventede. Da landarbejderne undgik et direkte slag, blev de i stedet angrebet og skudt i hobetal, især af frikorpset.

Ud over de 2 soldater afholdt oprørerne sig fra fysiske overgreb på hvide. Standretterne afsagde 12 dødsdomme. Et ukendt antal blev skudt eller mishandlet til døde, officielt omkring 90 personer, uofficielt omkring 200. I 1880 døde yderligere 23 fængslede oprørere af fejlernæring. 74 af 98 plantager var brændt.


"THE AVIS"
CHRISTIANSTED, ST. C R 0 i X
Wednesday 9th October 1878.

Since our last issue tho inhabitants of this town have been gradually recovering from their alarm, and business is now completely resumed. Vague rumours are passing about that the rioters are still together in largo numbers in the north-west, and the troops are now in that quarter. Our own opinion is that the rioters will not he seen. Before this they have probably slunk away to their various estates in the hope of passing themselves off as quiet and well-aflected labourers. On Sunday, troops and volunteers from each of the towns passed through the island to the centre and found all quiet. Yesterday a detachment left this town in carts for the north-west hills but we have not heard any particulars of their progress. A rumoured burning of cottages at "Betty's Hope" on Sunday turned out to be false; the smoke so interpreted came from burning meegass heaps at "Manning's Bay". The firing of this megass was probably the work of individual malice, and not of an organized band. Numbers of prisoners continue to be brought in, and a gang who escaped to Tortola in a boat have been captured in that island. The trials were commenced on Monday, on which day three of of the prisoners were condemned to death and were shot in the court yard of the fort.

We learn that the three prisoners executed on Monday, by sentence of Court Martial, were James De Silva, from Upper Love, a native of Antigua, of the English Church. John Louie, from Lebanon Hill, a native of St. Croix, of the Moravian Church. Joseph Paris, from Castle, a native of Barbados, of the Roman Church. For nearly an hour before the execution, the wretched criminals had the ministrations of their clergymen, Messrs. Branch, Franze, and Guilbot, who were with them in separate rooms, and who attended them to the place of execution. They were shot in the yard of the fort. These three were, it is certain, among the most notorious of the criminals. Wo are told they evinced great panitence for their crimes.

(St. Croix Avis, 9. oktober 1878)
 

9. oktober 1878:
ST: CROIX

THE Danish schooner Petrel, arrived here, yesterday from Fredericksted, St. Croix, bringing about forty passengers, most of whom are sufferers from the late riot. We have spoken to some of them who informed us that the distress is great and that provisions
are scarce and dear.

(From the St. Thomas Lloyds, 7th instant.)
\We have been authorised to publish the following extract from a telegram sent by the commandor of the "Labourdonnais"' to the French Consul here:
"Situation Meilleure. Insurrection Decroissante."
We leant that last night the estate " Betty's Hope," was burnt. The Arno arrived last night from Bassin, bringing a few passengers and returned again at one o'clock.

The following telegram received by us at 1 p. in. from our Special Correspondent, we are glad to say, in quieting, and it is with pleasure thai we lay it before our readers:
"If anything important will advise - Prisoners coming in hourly and all quieting down"

" All well. Court martial commence today."
The above private telegram, was received at 10 o'clock this morning and kindly placed
at our disposal.

LATER
(From the West India & Panama Telegraph Co.)
St. Croix. 7th October. - In St. Croix confidence is restored and business was resumed in Bassin this morning. The total number of estates destroyed is estimated at sixty but many of the works have escaped destruction.

Twenty estates are unarmed.

The rioters have taken to the hills on the extreme north-west side on Saturday night, and the negro village of Betty's Hope was fired yesterday noon. 

Only one planter and two soldiers have lost their lives. Other planters who were reported murdered have since made their appearance.

The volunteers and soldiers have captured about one hundred and fifly prisoners, who are being tried by Court Martial today. 

Three of the ringleaders have just been shot in the fort yard at Bassin.

Our Special sent us the following at 3:30 this afternoon. 
"First three prisoners just shot more it is said will follow to-morrow - Work is being resumed on the estates in this quarter."

(From yesterday's Lloyd.)
The following extract of a private letter, dated Basin 7th instant, has been kindly communicated to us;

"The volunteers are constantly bringing in numerous prisoners in both towns. The rioters are so scared at the consequences of their rising that they themselves detect and hand in their ringleaders "

Extract of a private telegram received here this afternoon:

"Good news from the country. Burnt works examined by competent Engineers, not irreparable. Damage can be put in order in a few weeks. The bulk of the planters, at first, were undoubtedly panic stricken, and had they only rallied together and done on the 2nd and 3rd inst., what they are doing now, many of the 64 Estates burnt, or more in less damaged, would have been spared, and not unlikely some of them at work grinding to-day."

LATER.
(From the West Indian and Panam Telegraph Co.
St. Croix. 8th October, 3:30 p. m. - Every tiling is quiet.
The reported burning of tlie negro village of Betty's Hope is contradicted.
The fire seen in that direction was Manning's Bay meegass.
Troops and volunteers left Bassin at 7 a. m. to capture the rioters hiding on the north side.

LATEST
Our special at St. Croix telegraphed to us this afternoon:
"All quiet. Confidens is restored throughout the island"

(St. Thomas Times (formerly St. Thomæ Tidende)

Avisen oplyste endvidere at der var iværksat indsamlinger til de berørte plantere.


THE AVIS
CHRISTIANSTED, ST. CROIX
Saturday 12th October 1878.

Although wo have now returned to a state of comparative security and quiet, the sole topic of conversation is still the late insurrection, as the riots are generally termed. It is difficult after all to say which is the correct name. While there is evidence to show that many perhaps most, of the disturbers of the peace merely contemplated revenue for real or supposed injuries in the past, and a rise of wages for the future, there is also evidence to show that some of the ring- leaders, in their ignorance, really contemplated what they called taking the island. From the first point of view, we should call the disturbances riots, from the latter, they amounted to an insurrection. What, ever name wo use, the sad story remains as the darkest page in the history of this island.
From personal observation and ful inquiries made in various quarters we are now able to give a tolerably complete list of properties destroyed, Leaving out all those where sugar making was not carried on, the properties destroyed were
1. Castle Coakley,
2. Diamond & Ruby,
3. Work & Rest,
4. Strawberry Hill,
5. Barrenspot,
6. Clifton Hill, (works saved)
7. Slob,
8. Fredensborg Kings Hill
9. Bethlehem,
10. Blessing, 
11. Anguilla, 
12. Castle Bourke, 
13. Lower Love, 
14 Golden Grove, 
15. Adventure, 
16. Paradise, 
17. Mannings Bay, 
18. Betty's Hope, 
19. Mt. Pleasant & Plessen,
20. St. Georges,
21. William's Delight, (works saved)
22. Enfield Green,
23. Carlton,
24. Whim,
25. Concordia, (west)
26. Good Hope,
27. Wheel of tune
28. Diamond, (works saved)
29. Mt. Victory
30. Punch
31. Nicolas, (works save
32. Annally,
33. Montpellie 
34. Mt. Stewart (works save)
35. Two Friends (works saved)
36. Grove PIace
37. Big Fountain
38. River,
39. Hermitage, 
40. Upper Lov
41- Mount Plei
42. Jealousy
43. Canaan,
44. Mon Bijou,
45. Lebanon Hill,
40. Glynn, (works saved)
47. Concordia,
4S. Morning Star,
49. Dolby Hill, (Montpellier,)
50. La Vallee,
51. Rust up Twist, (works saved)

Strawberry Hill. En af de plantager som blev ødelagt under opstanden. Årstal ikke angivet. Det Kongelige Bibliotek.

Besides these, the following buildings were destroyed: Glynn Factory Station, the weigh-house at Peter's Rest Station, the school aud teacher's house at Mt. Victory, the police station and school house at King's Hill, and the residences at Peter's Rest, Negro Bay and Allandalo.
The other properties in the island which escaped destruction, not including east end estates which were never threatened, are as follows :
1. Orange Grove & Beeston Hill,
2. Little Princess &.Golden Rock,
3. La Grande Princess,
4. St. John's,
5. Judith's Fancy, 
6. Constitution Hill,
7. Annas Hope, 
8. Sion Farm,
9. Sion Hill,
10. Rattan,
11. Mary's Fancy, 
12. Bonne Esperance,
13. La Reine,
14. Granard, & Cane Garden,
15. Jerusalem
16. Hope
17. Two Brothers
18. Williams
19. Sprat hall
20. Butler's Bay,
21. La Orange,
22. Prosperity, (west)
23. Little La Grange, & Jolly HilI,
24. Hogensborg,
25. Orange Grove, (west)
26. Oxford,
27. Becks Grove,
28. Spring Garden. 
If we add to those the eight estates where tho works were spared, we have thirty-six works standing and forty-three destroyed. This is therefore not so bad as our first rough estimate that two-thirds of the works were destroyed. If we suppose that the absolutely essential outlay in order to go on again is on an average $3,000 for each set of works, we get $129,000 as the total required. This does not include putting up same kind of temporary residence for the manager, which in some cases will be absolutely necessary. We do not mean of course that the comparatively small sum we have mentioned represents the loss to the island. Omitting all consideration of the immense losses in West End town, we have in the country to take account of the great quantities of rum sugar and molasses lost, an the injury done to the cane fields. We cannot pretend to estimate these items, but they would amount to a formidable sum.

Familie der laver mad ved vestenden af St. Croix nær plantagen Jolly Hill. 1906. Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Muligvis beskyttet af ophavsret.

The pecuniary losses are not all that we have suffered by this sad affair. Many families have had to flee from their homes at short notice, some of them moving with them sick members at
great risk. In one case a family consisting mostly ot ladies had to hide in adjoining canes, and while so hidden found to their horror that the canes had been set on fire. In another remote quarter, the ladies and children concealed themselves in the bush while the marauders burnt down their residence and retired. It is said by some that there was no intention among the rioters to take life; but we fear that this is a very doubtful point. That only one life was taken was probably owing to the fact that people who fell themselves in danger got out of the way. The brutal treatment of Mr. Fleming's son at Allandale does not evidence much inclination to mercy on the part of the ringleaders. This young lad was in no position of authority and could
not possibly have injured any of them, yet when he appealed to them for protection they replied by knocking him down, beating him so severely that, the fingers on one hand were broken, his head cut and his whole body covered witth bruises. Another case, that a retail dealer in the country, shows the same spirit. She had a slight dispute with a women who went away and returned with a man, and the two set upon the poor creuture, broko one arm, bruised her fingers in getting oft'her rings, beat her. and left her on the floor nearly dead. In the mean time a following of these brutes helped themselves from the little shop. Such horrors as these mean n loss of peace and confidence for some time to come, which it is impossible to express in figures, but is nevertheless not the least of our losses. We are glad to find that the people on most estates are again at work, and that provisions aro being carted for the weekly allowance, and we sincerely hope that wo shall shortly be going on as usual. When the normal condition of things is established, the next consideration will be how to surmount the difficulty of preparing for the coming crop. Among the few consolations we have at the present time, one of the brightest is tho deep and active sympathy which has been awakened in the sister island of St. Thomas, which wo have received not only endless messages of enquiry and condolences, but, as will bo seen in another paragraph, a handsome amount in cash raised to assist those who have guttered by the late sad events. 

Three criminals, sentenced by Court Martial to be shot, were executed on Wednesday. They were Augustus George, of Castle, born in St. Croix. Jehu Adam, of Morning Star, born in St. Thomas. Henry James, of Windsor, born in St. Eustatius. All belonged to the English Church, but the Rector of St. John's Church was assisted in ministering to them in their last moments by the Lutheran and Moravian Pastors in this town.

Two criminals were executed in West End on Thursday, and two yesterday, but we do not yet know their names.

The merchants of St. Thomas with that wonderful liberality which characterizes them, and which we in St. Croix have experienced before now, have nobly responded to the efforts made by Messrs G. O. Gyllick and P. A. Cameron to collect immediate aid for the sufferers in this island. In two or three davs, tho large sum of $3,705 has been raised, of which the Rector of the English Church and the Lutheran Pastor have been informed by telegram. We shall give in our next particulars of the formation ot Relief Committees here and in West End. 

For the present we merely assure our kind friends in St. Thomas of the deep gratitude we feel, and of the fact that a large part ot the amount sent over by them has been at once forwarded to West endin cash and in provisions.

May He, who does not forget "a cup of cold water only", given in His name, abundantly reward "seven fold into their bosom", those who have remembered us in our need.

(St. Croix Avis, 12. oktober 1878)